Maternal stress and child health in the short and long term
E.S. Akarachkova1, A.R. Artemenko2, A.A. Beliaev3, D.V. Blinov4, O.V. Goncharenko5, E.M. Dzhobava6, L.R. Kadyrova7, K.S. Kerimova8, L.V. Klimov9, I. Grigorashvili10, O.V. Kotova1,11, D.I. Lebedeva12, I.M. Melnikova13, A.S. Orlova2, I.A. Radchenko14, O.V. Riabokon15, E.V. Travnikova16, E.V. Tsareva17, A.Kh. Shadyev18, O.N. Yakovlev19
1International Association for the Study and Effective Control of the Stress and Related Disorders, Moscow
2Sechenov University, Moscow
3N.V. Sklifosovsky Scientific Research Institute of First Aid, Moscow
4Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
5Medical Rehabilitation Centre of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, Moscow
6Crede Experto Clinic LLC, Moscow
7Kazan State Medical Academy, branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
8MediSPA LLC, Moscow
9Scientific and Practical Center for Pediatric Psychoneurology, Moscow
10Centre de Sud-Ouest, Lot-et-Garonne, France
11National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow
12Tyumen State Medical University
13Yaroslavl State Medical University
14GL Med LLC, Moscow
15 National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov, Moscow
16The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow
17Unison LLC, Moscow
18Russian State Social University, Moscow
19Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic at the University of Trier, Germany
Prenatal maternal stress (PMS), which has a great impact on fetal programming, is an urgent problem, as its solution depends on the physical and mental health of mother and fetus, not only in the short but also in the long term. This problem lies at the junction of several medical professions and requires an interdisciplinary collaboration of obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, neurologists, and psychiatrists. PMS and anxiety increase the risk of emotional and self-regulatory difficulties in children. The first trimester of pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period. During this period synaptic connections are formed in the telencephalon and neurogenesis occurs vigorously. Stress in a pregnant woman is accompanied by hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and high levels of cortisol and lead to impaired neuronal proliferation and migration in the fetus during the first trimester. Epigenetic changes (such as DNA methylation and histone modification) occur, which are critical mechanisms for regulating gene expression. Timely stress prevention and finding ways of its regulation are the promising trends of modern medicine. Such measures as proper nutrition, nutritional support, adequate physical activity, and sleep normalization can improve the nervous system ability of prospective mothers to resist stress. All of this can also lead to a positive impact on child’s health, improving the quality of his life, minimizing the development of chronic diseases and conditions that require costly therapies.
Keywords: prenatal maternal stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, catecholamines, nutrition, magnesium preparations, sleep, physical activity, stress resistance.
For citation: Akarachkova E.S., Artemenko A.R., Beliaev A.A. et al. Maternal stress and child health in the short and long term. RMJ. Medical Review. 2019;3:26–36.
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