Minimally invasive surgical techniques for herniated disks in the lumbar spine
M.T. Sampiev, B.A. Sychenikov, N.V. Skabcovs, A.S. Lyagin, I.P. Rynkov
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow
About 60% to 80% of adults experience low back pain at some point in their lifetimes. In adults, the most common cause of low back pain is a herniated disk. Currently, surgery is considered to be the most effective management strategy for herniated disks in the lumbar spine. To minimize intraoperative injury, to reduce costs, and to decrease rehabilitation period, minimally invasive surgical techniques for herniated disks were developed. The aim of this paper was to collect and to process findings from the studies on the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgical techniques for lumbar herniated disks in adults. It was demonstrated that endoscopic technique can compete with standard, more conventional techniques due to the reduced surgery time and hospital length-of-stay, small incisions, less hemorrhage and tissue injury, less need for opioid analgesics, and more rapid return to normal daily life. Di sadvantages of endoscopic technique are long learning curve and high costs of the equipment and supplies.
Keywords: minimally invasive surgery, lumbar herniated disks, surgical approaches, endoscopy, microscopy, spondylosyndesis, complications.
For citation: Sampiev M.T., Sychenikov B.A., Skabcovs N.V. et al. Minimally invasive surgical techniques for herniated disks in the lumbar spine. RMJ. Medical Review. 2019;7:21–27.
References
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28. Phan K., Thayaparan G.K., Mobbs R.J. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion — systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015;29(5):705–711.
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33. Malham G.M., Parker R.M., Ellis N.J. et al. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2: a prospective study of complications. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine SPI. 2014;21(6):851–860. DOI: 10.3171/2014.8.SPINE13524.
34. Phan K., Mobbs R.J. Sacrum fracture following L5-S1 stand-alone interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2015;22(11):1837–1839.
35. Rao P.J. Ghent F., Phan K. et al. Stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion for treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2015;22(10):1619–1624.
36. Mobbs R.J., Phan K., Thayaparan G.K., Rao P.J. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion as a Salvage Technique for Pseudarthrosis following Posterior Lumbar Fusion Surgery. Global Spine J. 2016;6(1):14–20.
37. Rao P.J., Maharaj M.M., Phan K. et al. Indirect foraminal decompression after anterior lumbar interbody fusion: a prospective radiographic study using a new pedicle-to-pedicle technique. The Spine Journal. 2015:15(5):817–824.
38. Mobbs R.J. Phan K., Daly D. et al. Approach-Related Complications of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Results of a Combined Spine and Vascular Surgical Team . Global Spine J. 2016; 29(2):147–154.
39. Ozgur B.M., Aryan H.E., Pimenta L., Taylor W.R. Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. The Spine Journal. 2006;6(4):435–443.
40. Arnold P.M., Anderson K.K., McGuire R.A. Jr. The lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar and thoracic spine: A review. Surgical neurology international. Medknow Publications and Media Pvt Ltd, 2012;3(Suppl 3):S198–S215.
41. Malham G.M., Parker R.M., Goss B., Blecher C.M. Clinical results and limitations of indirect decompression in spinal stenosis with laterally implanted interbody cages: results from a prospective cohort study. European Spine Journal. 2015;24(3):339–345.
42. Malham G.M., Ellis N.J., Parker R.M. et al. Maintenance of Segmental Lordosis and Disk Height in Stand-alone and Instrumented Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF). Clinical Spine Surgery. 2014;30(2);E90–E98.
43. Lee Y.S., Park S.W., Kim Y.B. Direct Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Clinical and Radiological Outcomes. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. Korean Neurosurgical Society, 2014;55(5):248–254.
44. Mayer H.M. A new microsurgical technique for minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 1997;22(6):691–699.
45. Silvestre C., Mac-Thiong J.M., Hilmi R., Roussouly P. Complications and Morbidities of Mini-open Anterior Retroperitoneal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in 179 Patients. Asian Spine J. Korean Society of Spine Surgery. 2012;6(2):89–97.
46. Ohtori S., Orita S., Yamauchi K. et al. Mini-Open Anterior Retroperitoneal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion for Lumbar Spinal Degeneration Disease.Yonsei medical journal. 2015;56(4):1051–1059.
47. Ohtori S., Mannoji C., Orita S. et al. Mini-Open Anterior Retroperitoneal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion for Degenerated Lumbar Spinal Kyphoscoliosis . Asian spine journal. 2015;(9)4:565–572.
48. Phan K., Mobbs R.J. Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Revision of Non-union Following Prior Posterior Surgery: A Case Report. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2015;7(4):364–367.
49. O’Leary P. A Brief History of the Evolution of Lumbar Spinal. Spinal Research Foundation. 2014;9( 2):37–40.
50. Carragee E.J., Han M.Y., Suen P.W., Kim D. Clinical outcomes after lumbar discectomy for sciatica: the effects of fragment type and anular competence. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2003;85(1):102–108.
51. Lee D.Y., Shim C.S., Ahn Y. et al. Comparison of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy and Open Lumbar Microdiscectomy for Recurrent Disc Herniation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2009;46(6):515–521.
52. Ruetten S., Komp M., Godolias G. A New Full-Endoscopic Technique for the Interlaminar Operation of Lumbar Disc Herniations Using 6-mm Endoscopes: Prospective 2-Year Results of 331 Patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2006;49(2):80–87.
53. Yeung A.T. The Evolution and Advancement of Endoscopic Foraminal Surgery: One Surgeon’s Experience Incorporating Adjunctive Techologies. SAS journal. 2007;1(3):108–117.
54. Ruetten S., Komp M., Merk H., Godolias G. Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar and Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy Versus Conventional Microsurgical Technique. Spine. 2008;33(9):931–939.
55. Teli M., Lovi A., Brayda-Bruno M. et al. Higher risk of dural tears and recurrent herniation with lumbar micro-endoscopic discectomy. European Spine Journal. 2010;19(3):443–450.
56. Rasouli M.R., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Shokraneh F. et al. Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy / discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. 2014;(9):CD010328. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010328.pub2.
2. Ganesan S., Acharya A.S., Chauhan R., Acharya S. Prevalence and risk factors for low back pain in 1,355 young adults: A cross-sectional study. Asian Spine Journal. 2017;11(4):610–617.
3. Almeida D.C., Kraychete D.C. Low back pain — a diagnostic approach. Revista Dor. 2017;18(2):173–177.
4. Goupille P., Jayson M.I., Valat J.P., Freemont A.J. The role of inflammation in disk herniation-associated radiculopathy. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. W.B. Saunders, 1998;28(1):60–71.
5. Yang H., Liu H., Li Z. et al. Low back pain associated with lumbar disc herniation: role of moderately degenerative disc and annulus fibrous tears. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. 2015;8(2):1634–1644.
6. Jordan J., Konstantinou K. Musculoskeletal disorders Herniated lumbar disc. Clinical Evidence. 2009;3:1–34.
7. Amin R.M., Andrade N.S., Neuman B.J. Lumbar Disc Herniation. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2017;10(4):507–516.
8. Vroomen P.C., de Krom M.C., Wilmink J.T. et al. Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 2002;72(5):630–634.
9. Wong J.J., Côté P., Sutton D.A. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the noninvasive management of low back pain: A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom). 2017;21(2):201–216.
10. Cahill K.S., Levi A.D., Cummock M.D. et al. A Comparison of Acute Hospital Charges After Tubular versus Open Microdiskectomy. World Neurosurgery. 2013;80(1–2):208–212.
11. Mixter W.J., Barr J.S. Rupture of the Intervertebral Disc with Involvement of the Spinal Canal. New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 1934;211(5):210–215.
12. Love J.G. Protruded Intervertebral Disc (Fibrocartilage): (Section of Orthopaedics and Section of Neurology). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1939;32(12):1697–1721.
13. L Wiltse L., W Spencer C. New Uses and Refinements of the Paraspinal Approach to the Lumbar Spine. Spine. 1988;13:696–706.
14. Caspar W. A New Surgical Procedure for Lumbar Disc Herniation Causing Less Tissue Damage Through a Microsurgical Approach BT — Lumbar Disc Adult Hydrocephalus / ed. Wüllenweber R. et al. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 1977.
15. Williams R.W. Microlumbar discectomy: a conservative surgical approach to the virgin herniated lumbar disc. Spine. 1976;3(2):175–182.
16. Kambin P., Sampson S. Posterolateral percutaneous suction-excision of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Report of interim results. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1986;207:37–43.
17. Foley K.T., Smith M.M. Microendoscopic discectomy. Techniques in Neurosurgery. 1997;3:301–307.
18. Destandau J. A special device for endoscopic surgery of lumbar disc herniation. Neurological research. 1999;21:39–42.
19. Tsou P.M., Yeung A.T. Transforaminal endoscopic decompression for radiculopathy secondary to intracanal noncontained lumbar disc herniations: outcome and technique. The Spine Journal. 2002;2(1):41–48.
20. Sabnis A.B., Diwan A.D. The timing of surgery in lumbar disc prolapse: A systematic review. Indian journal of orthopaedics. Medknow Publications and Media Pvt Ltd, 2014;48(2):127–135.
21. Resnick D.K., Choudhri T.F., Dailey A.T. et al. Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 7: intractable low-back pain without stenosis or spondylolisthesis. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2005;2(6):670–672.
22. Eck J.C., Hodges S., Humphreys S.C. Minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2007;15(6):321–329.
23. Mobbs R.J., Sivabalan P., Li J. Minimally invasive surgery compared to open spinal fusion for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spine pathologies. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. Elsevier, 2012;19(6):829–835.
24. Lestini W. F., Fulghum J. S., Whitehurst L. A. Lumbar spinal fusion: advantages of posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Surgical technology international. 1994;3:577–590.
25. Fan S.W., Hu Z.J., Fang X.Q. et al. Comparison of paraspinal muscle injury in one-level lumbar posterior inter-body fusion: modified minimally invasive and traditional open approaches. Orthopaedic Surgery. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd (10.1111), 2010;2(3):194–200.
26. Zhang Q., Yuan Z., Zhou M. et al. A comparison of posterior lumbar interbody fusion and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a literature review and meta-analysis. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. BioMed Central. 2014;15:367.
27. Kim D.-H., Jeong S.-T., Lee S.-S. Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using a Unilateral Single Cage and a Local Morselized Bone Graft in the Degenerative Lumbar Spine. Clinics in orthopedic surgery. 2009;1:214–221.
28. Phan K., Thayaparan G.K., Mobbs R.J. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion — systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015;29(5):705–711.
29. Najmus S., Ahsan M. Comparison of the early results of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion in symptomatic lumbar instability. Indian journal of orthopaedics. 2013;47:255–263.
30. McAfee P.C., DeVine J.G., Chaput C.D. et al. The Indications for Interbody Fusion Cages in the Treatment of Spondylolisthesis: Analysis of 120 Cases. Spine. 2005;30(6 Suppl):S60–65.
31. Spine Center Athlanta. Spine center Atlanta [Electronic resource]. URL: https://spinecenteratlanta.com/conditions/fbss/types-of-fbss/failed-tlif/ (access date: 21.03.2019).
32. Rao P.J., Loganathan A., Yeung V., Mobbs R.J. Outcomes of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) Surgery Based on Indication: A Prospective Study. Neurosurgery. 2014;76(1):7–23; discussion 23–24. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000561.
33. Malham G.M., Parker R.M., Ellis N.J. et al. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2: a prospective study of complications. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine SPI. 2014;21(6):851–860. DOI: 10.3171/2014.8.SPINE13524.
34. Phan K., Mobbs R.J. Sacrum fracture following L5-S1 stand-alone interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2015;22(11):1837–1839.
35. Rao P.J. Ghent F., Phan K. et al. Stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion for treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2015;22(10):1619–1624.
36. Mobbs R.J., Phan K., Thayaparan G.K., Rao P.J. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion as a Salvage Technique for Pseudarthrosis following Posterior Lumbar Fusion Surgery. Global Spine J. 2016;6(1):14–20.
37. Rao P.J., Maharaj M.M., Phan K. et al. Indirect foraminal decompression after anterior lumbar interbody fusion: a prospective radiographic study using a new pedicle-to-pedicle technique. The Spine Journal. 2015:15(5):817–824.
38. Mobbs R.J. Phan K., Daly D. et al. Approach-Related Complications of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Results of a Combined Spine and Vascular Surgical Team . Global Spine J. 2016; 29(2):147–154.
39. Ozgur B.M., Aryan H.E., Pimenta L., Taylor W.R. Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. The Spine Journal. 2006;6(4):435–443.
40. Arnold P.M., Anderson K.K., McGuire R.A. Jr. The lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar and thoracic spine: A review. Surgical neurology international. Medknow Publications and Media Pvt Ltd, 2012;3(Suppl 3):S198–S215.
41. Malham G.M., Parker R.M., Goss B., Blecher C.M. Clinical results and limitations of indirect decompression in spinal stenosis with laterally implanted interbody cages: results from a prospective cohort study. European Spine Journal. 2015;24(3):339–345.
42. Malham G.M., Ellis N.J., Parker R.M. et al. Maintenance of Segmental Lordosis and Disk Height in Stand-alone and Instrumented Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF). Clinical Spine Surgery. 2014;30(2);E90–E98.
43. Lee Y.S., Park S.W., Kim Y.B. Direct Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Clinical and Radiological Outcomes. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. Korean Neurosurgical Society, 2014;55(5):248–254.
44. Mayer H.M. A new microsurgical technique for minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine. 1997;22(6):691–699.
45. Silvestre C., Mac-Thiong J.M., Hilmi R., Roussouly P. Complications and Morbidities of Mini-open Anterior Retroperitoneal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in 179 Patients. Asian Spine J. Korean Society of Spine Surgery. 2012;6(2):89–97.
46. Ohtori S., Orita S., Yamauchi K. et al. Mini-Open Anterior Retroperitoneal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion for Lumbar Spinal Degeneration Disease.Yonsei medical journal. 2015;56(4):1051–1059.
47. Ohtori S., Mannoji C., Orita S. et al. Mini-Open Anterior Retroperitoneal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion for Degenerated Lumbar Spinal Kyphoscoliosis . Asian spine journal. 2015;(9)4:565–572.
48. Phan K., Mobbs R.J. Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Revision of Non-union Following Prior Posterior Surgery: A Case Report. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2015;7(4):364–367.
49. O’Leary P. A Brief History of the Evolution of Lumbar Spinal. Spinal Research Foundation. 2014;9( 2):37–40.
50. Carragee E.J., Han M.Y., Suen P.W., Kim D. Clinical outcomes after lumbar discectomy for sciatica: the effects of fragment type and anular competence. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2003;85(1):102–108.
51. Lee D.Y., Shim C.S., Ahn Y. et al. Comparison of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy and Open Lumbar Microdiscectomy for Recurrent Disc Herniation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2009;46(6):515–521.
52. Ruetten S., Komp M., Godolias G. A New Full-Endoscopic Technique for the Interlaminar Operation of Lumbar Disc Herniations Using 6-mm Endoscopes: Prospective 2-Year Results of 331 Patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2006;49(2):80–87.
53. Yeung A.T. The Evolution and Advancement of Endoscopic Foraminal Surgery: One Surgeon’s Experience Incorporating Adjunctive Techologies. SAS journal. 2007;1(3):108–117.
54. Ruetten S., Komp M., Merk H., Godolias G. Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar and Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy Versus Conventional Microsurgical Technique. Spine. 2008;33(9):931–939.
55. Teli M., Lovi A., Brayda-Bruno M. et al. Higher risk of dural tears and recurrent herniation with lumbar micro-endoscopic discectomy. European Spine Journal. 2010;19(3):443–450.
56. Rasouli M.R., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Shokraneh F. et al. Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy / discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. 2014;(9):CD010328. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010328.pub2.
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