Respiratory viral infections in children: modalities for pathogenic treatment
DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-762-767
S.V. Nikolaeva1, Yu.N. Khlypovka1, V.A. Zavolozhin1, E.K. Shushakova1, A.V. Gorelov1,2
1Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision
of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russian Federation
2A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry,Moscow,
Russian Federation
Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid identification of a pathogen, epidemiological surveillance, description of symptoms, and the development of preventive and therapeutic measures are keystones to limit the spread of respiratory infections. Novel viruses with specific properties are regularly discovered. This paper addresses essential data on the most common viruses provoking acute respiratory infections, including whose in children and the pattern of their course. Conventionally, the most vital concern is flu. Influenza viruses provoke seasonal outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Many studies demonstrate the role of rhinovirus C in the development of bronchiolitis and, subsequently, asthma. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 provoking COVID-19 were recently described. Knowledge of known and newly emerging viruses is crucial for timely adequate medical care. The authors discuss major therapeutic strategies for acute respiratory infections that provide a more favorable course of infectious inflammation irrespective of viral etiology.
Keywords: acute respiratory infections, influenza virus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, pneumonia, interferon.
For citation: Nikolaeva S.V., Khlypovka Yu.N., Zavolozhin V.A. et al. Respiratory viral infections in children: modalities for pathogenic treatment. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):762–767 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-762-767.
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32. Nikolayeva S.V., Usenko D.V., Shabalina S.V. et al. Respiratory tract infections of mono- and combined etiology in children — the urgency of the problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infektsionnyye bolezni. 2021;19(1):135–138 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.20953/1729-9225-2021-1-135-138.
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37. Hasegawa K., Mansbach J.M., Bochkov Y.A. et al. Association of Rhinovirus C Bronchiolitis and Immunoglobulin E Sensitization During Infancy With Development of Recurrent Wheeze. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(6):544–552. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0384.
38. Renwick N., Schweiger B., Kapoor V. et al. A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(12):1754–1760. DOI: 10.1086/524312.PMID: 18190255.
39. Jartti T., Korppi M. Rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(4):350–355. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01170.x.
40. Lemanske R.F. Jr., Jackson D.J., Gangnon R.E. et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:571–575. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.024.
41. Romantsov M.G., Sologub T.V., Petrov A.Yu., Kovalenko A.L. Cycloferon in the treatment and emergency prevention of respiratory viral infections and influenza. Retsept. 2011;6(80):59–65 (in Russ.).
42. Isakov V.A., Kobalova I.V., Yerofeyeva M.K. et al. The effectiveness of cycloferon® in the treatment and prevention of influenza and acute respiratory infections. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2011;21:1420–1425 (in Russ.).
43. Mikhaylova Ye.V., Chudakova T.K. Influenza in children: clinical picture, hematological indicators of intoxication, detoxification therapy. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2015;78(5):33–36 (in Russ.).
44. Mazina N.K., Mazin V.P., Kovalenko A.L. Clinical and economic efficiency of the use of Reamberin in emergency conditions according to the meta-analysis. Farmakoekonomika: teoriya i praktika. 2014;2(4):18–25 (in Russ.).
2. Selkova E.P., Kalyuzhin O.V. SARS and influenza: to help the practicing physician. M.: MIA; 2015 (in Russ.).
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Highly pathogenic asian avian influenza A (H5N1) in people. (Electronic resource.) URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h5n1-people.htm (access date: 08.28.2021).
4. De Jong M.D., Bach V.C., Phan T.Q. et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(7):686–691. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa044307.
5. Gao R., Cao B., Hu Y.et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(20):1888–1897. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1304459.
6. Liu S., Sun J., Cai J. et al. Epidemiological, clinical and viral characteristics of fatal cases of human avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province, China. J Infect. 2013;67(6):595–605. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.08.007.
7. Bennett J.E., Dolin R., Blaser M.J. et al. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015.
8. Matsuzaki Y., Sugawara K., Abiko C. et al. Epidemiological information regarding the periodic epidemics of influenza C virus in Japan (1996–2013) and the seroprevalence of antibodies to different antigenic groups. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(1):87–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.017.
9. Calvo C., Garcia-Garcia M.L., Borrell B. et al. Prospective study of influenza C in hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(8):916–919. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31828fca10.
10. Matsuzaki Y., Abiko C., Mizuta K. et al. A nationwide epidemic of influenza C virus infection in Japan in 2004. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(3):783–788. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01555-06.
11. Gouarin S., Vabret A., Dina J. et al. Study of influenza C virus infection in France. J Med Virol. 2008;80(8):1441–1446. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21218.
12. Fritsch A., Schweiger B., Biere B. Influenza C virus in pre-school children with respiratory infections: retrospective analysis of data from the national influenza surveillance system in Germany, 2012 to 2014. Euro Surveill. 2019;24(10):1800174. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.10.1800174.
13. Thielen B.K., Friedlander H., Bistodeau S. et al. Detection of Influenza C Viruses Among Outpatients and Patients Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, Minnesota, 2013–2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):1092–1098. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix931.
14. Howard L.M., Johnson M., Gil A.I. et al. A novel real-time RT-PCR assay for influenza C tested in Peruvian children. J Clin Virol. 2017;96:12–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.014.
15. Calvo C., García-García M.L., Centeno M. et al. Influenza C virus infection in children, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(10):1621–1622. DOI: 10.3201/eid1210.051170.
16. Principi N., Scala A., Daleno C., Esposito S. Influenza C virus–associated community-acquired pneumonia in children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7(6):999–1003. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12062.
17. Onyango C.O., Njeru R., Kazungu S. et al. Influenza surveillance among children with pneumonia admitted to a district hospital in coastal Kenya, 2007–2010. J Infect Dis. 2012;206 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1):S61–67. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis536.
18. Antón A., Marcos M.A., Codoñer F.M. et al. Influenza C virus surveillance during the first influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic wave in Catalonia, Spain. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;69(4):419–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.11.006.
19. Matsuzaki Y., Katsushima N., Nagai Y. et al. Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(9):1229–1235. DOI: 10.1086/502973.
20. Takayanagi M., Umehara N., Watanabe H. et al. Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza C virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(6):554. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a064b2.
21. Ksiazek T.G., Erdman D., Goldsmith C.S. et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1953–1966. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030781.
22. Graham R.L., Donaldson E.F., Baric R.S. A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(12):836–848. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3143.
23. Mohd H.A., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Memish Z.A. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir. Virol J. 2016;13:87. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0544-0.
24. Vergara-Alert J., Vidal E., Bensaid A., Segalés J. Searching for animal models and potential target species for emerging pathogens: Experience gained from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. One Health. 2017;3:34–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.03.001.
25. Kim Y., Cheon S., Min C.K. et al. Spread of Mutant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus with Reduced Affinity to Human CD26 during the South Korean Outbreak. MBio. 2016;7(2):e00019. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00019-16.
26. Oboho I.K., Tomczyk S.M., Al-Asmari A.M. et al. 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah–a link to health care facilities. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):846–854. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1408636.
27. Drosten C., Meyer B., Muller M.A. et al. Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(9):828–835. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1405858.
28. Memish Z.A., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Assiri A. et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(9):904–906. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000325.
29. Gorelov A.V., Nikolayeva S.V., Akimkin V.G Coronavirus infection COVID-19 in children in the Russian Federation. Infektsionnyye bolezni. 2020;18(3):15–20 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.20953/1729-9225-2020-3-15-20.
30. Melekhina E.V., Nikolayeva S.V., Muzyka A.D. et al. COVID-19 in hospitalized children: clinical and laboratory features. Meditsinskiy opponent. 2020;4(12):24–31 (in Russ.).
31. Nikolayeva S.V., Gorelov A.V., Ponezheva ZH.B., Akimkin V.G. COVID-19 in children in the Russian Federation — the results of the year. In: Infectious diseases in the modern world: evolution, current and future threats. Proceedings of the XIII Annual All-Russian Congress on Infectious Diseases named after Academician V.I. Pokrovsky, IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference; VI All-Russian Symposium. M.: Meditsinskoye marketingovoye agentstvo; 2021:122 (in Russ.).
32. Nikolayeva S.V., Usenko D.V., Shabalina S.V. et al. Respiratory tract infections of mono- and combined etiology in children — the urgency of the problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infektsionnyye bolezni. 2021;19(1):135–138 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.20953/1729-9225-2021-1-135-138.
33. Arden K.E., McErlean P., Nissen M.D. Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol. 2006;78(9):1232–1240. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20689.
34. Lamson D., Renwick N., Kapoor V. et al. MassTag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influenza-like illness in New York State during 2004–2005. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(10):1398–1402. DOI: 10.1086/508551.
35. Lauinger I.L., Bible J.M., Halligan E.P. et al. Patient characteristics and severity of human rhinovirus infections in children. J Clin Virol. 2013;58(1):216–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.042.
36. Mak R.K., Tse L.Y., Lam W.Y.et al. Clinical spectrum of human rhinovirus infections in hospitalized Hong Kong children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(9):749–753. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31821b8c71.
37. Hasegawa K., Mansbach J.M., Bochkov Y.A. et al. Association of Rhinovirus C Bronchiolitis and Immunoglobulin E Sensitization During Infancy With Development of Recurrent Wheeze. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(6):544–552. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0384.
38. Renwick N., Schweiger B., Kapoor V. et al. A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(12):1754–1760. DOI: 10.1086/524312.PMID: 18190255.
39. Jartti T., Korppi M. Rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(4):350–355. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01170.x.
40. Lemanske R.F. Jr., Jackson D.J., Gangnon R.E. et al. Rhinovirus illnesses during infancy predict subsequent childhood wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:571–575. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.024.
41. Romantsov M.G., Sologub T.V., Petrov A.Yu., Kovalenko A.L. Cycloferon in the treatment and emergency prevention of respiratory viral infections and influenza. Retsept. 2011;6(80):59–65 (in Russ.).
42. Isakov V.A., Kobalova I.V., Yerofeyeva M.K. et al. The effectiveness of cycloferon® in the treatment and prevention of influenza and acute respiratory infections. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2011;21:1420–1425 (in Russ.).
43. Mikhaylova Ye.V., Chudakova T.K. Influenza in children: clinical picture, hematological indicators of intoxication, detoxification therapy. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2015;78(5):33–36 (in Russ.).
44. Mazina N.K., Mazin V.P., Kovalenko A.L. Clinical and economic efficiency of the use of Reamberin in emergency conditions according to the meta-analysis. Farmakoekonomika: teoriya i praktika. 2014;2(4):18–25 (in Russ.).
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