Treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children: current trends and open issues
DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2025-8-3-12
E.R. Meskina
M.F. Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
Acute infectious diarrhea (AID) in children is one of the leading causes of emergency medical care associated with medical intervention and hospitalization. The review highlights main issues of managing children with AID, as well as currently available opportunities to eliminate them. Modern rating scales to assess AID severity and exicosis degree have several limitations. A choice between oral and intravenous rehydration is still a quite subjective aspect in a particular patient. Although rehydration is a basis of treatment of pediatric AID, standardized solutions for oral and infusion rehydration should be developed. Balanced solutions and conventional rate of intravenous fluid administration have some advantages over bolus administration of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Indications for antibacterial therapy are limited to inflammatory bacterial AIDs. A microbiome diet, probiotics, and, probably, immunomodulators can reduce incidence of persistent diarrhea, post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders, and long-term carriage of intestinal pathogens which are much more common in patients with risk factors (i.e., history of functional gastrointestinal disorders, recent acute respiratory viral infections, hospitalization, and antibiotic therapy). Efficiency of recombinant alpha-2b interferon combined with complex immunoglobulin preparations has been studied better in patients with risk factors. The drug has clinical benefit, reduces recovery time and decreases risks of adverse consequences of AID in children. Supportive studies should be conducted to develop AID management in children with comorbidities.
Keywords: acute intestinal infection, acute infectious diarrhea, acute gastroenteritis, rehydration, probiotics, recombinant alpha-2b interferon, postinfectious functional disorders, persistent diarrhea, carriage.
For citation: Meskina E.R. Treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children: current trends and open issues. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2025;8(3):263–270 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2025-8-3-12
About the author:
Elena R. Meskina — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Chief Pediatric Infection Specialist of the Moscow Region Health Ministry, Head of the Department of Pediatric Infections, Professor of the Department of Pediatric Diseases, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, M.F. Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute; 61/2, Shchepkin str., Moscow, 129110, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0002-1960-6868
Contact information: Elena R. Meskina, e-mail: meskinaelena@rambler.ru
Financial Disclosure: the author does not have a financial or property interest in any material or method mentioned.
There is no conflict of interest.
Received 01.07.2025.
Revised 24.07.2025.
Accepted 18.08.2025.
2. Shane A.L., Mody R.K., Crump J.A. еt al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(12):1963–1973. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix959
3. Guarino A., Ashkenazi S., Gendrel D. еt al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):132–152. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000375
4. Chen J., Wan C.M., Gong S.T. еt al. Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious diarrhea in children. World J Pediatr. 2018;14(5):429–436. DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0190-2
5. Guarino A., Aguilar J., Berkley J. еt al. Acute Gastroenteritis in Children of the World: What Needs to Be Done? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(5):694–701. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002669
6. Săsăran M.O., Mărginean C.O., Muntean C.V. еt al. The Application of the Vesikari and Modified Vesikari Severity Scores in Complicated Pediatric Gastroenteritis of Viral Origin: An Observational Study. J Clin Med. 2025;14(3):943. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14030943
7. Ермоленко К.Д., Гончар Н.В., Бехтерева М.К., Лобзин Ю.В. Сравнение информативности шкал Везикари и Кларка для определения тяжести вирусных кишечных инфекций и прогнозирования их исходов у детей. Журнал инфектологии. 2018;10(4):64–71. DOI: 10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-4-64-71Ermolenko K.D., Gonchar N.V., Behtereva M.K., Lobzin Yu.V. Comparison of Vezikari and Clark scale for determination of of viral intestinal infections sevitity and predicting their outputs in children. Journal Infectology. 2018;10(4):64–71. DOI: 10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-4-64-71 (in Russ.).
8. Pawłuszkiewicz K., Ryglowski P.J., Idzik N. еt al. Rotavirus Infections: Pathophysiology, Symptoms, and Vaccination. Pathogens. 2025;14(5):480. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14050480
9. Falszewska A., Szajewska H., Dziechciarz P. Diagnostic accuracy of three clinical dehydration scales: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(4):383–388. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313762
10. Poonai N., Powell E.C., Schnadower D. еt al. Variables Associated With Intravenous Rehydration and Hospitalization in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis: A Secondary Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e216433. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6433. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2116800. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16800
11. Posovszky C., Buderus S., Classen M. еt al. Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis in Infancy and Childhood. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(37):615–624. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0615
12. Musekiwa A., Volmink J. Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥310 mOsm/L solutions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011(12):CD003754. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003754.pub3
13. Бехтерева М.К., Комарова А.М. Эффективность регидратирующей терапии при вирусных гастроэнтеритах у детей. РМЖ. Мать и дитя. 2024;7(2):177–183. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2024-7-2-14Bekhtereva M.K., Komarova A.M. Rehydration therapy efficacy of viral gastroenteritis in children. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2024;7(2):177–183 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2024-7-2-14
14. Gregorio G.V., Gonzales M.L., Dans L.F., Martinez E.G. Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD006519. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12:CD006519. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006519.pub3
15. Florez I.D., Sierra J., Pérez-Gaxiola G. Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for treating acute diarrhoea and severe dehydration in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5(5):CD013640. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013640.pub2
16. Ricciuti A., Milani G.P., Tarantino S. еt al. Maintenance Fluid Therapy with Saline, Dextrose-Supplemented Saline or Lactated Ringer in Childhood: Short-Term Metabolic Effects. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1449. DOI: 10.3390/nu12051449
17. Naseem M., Dubey A.P., Mishra T.K., Singh R. Effect of Rehydration With Normal Saline Versus Ringer Lactate on Serum Sodium Level of Children With Acute Diarrhea and Severe Dehydration: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian Pediatr. 2020;57(6):519–522. PMID: 32562395
18. Santi M., Lava S.A., Camozzi P. еt al. The great fluid debate: saline or so-called "balanced" salt solutions? Ital J Pediatr. 2015;41:47. DOI: 10.1186/s13052-015-0154-2
19. Severs D., Hoorn E.J., Rookmaaker M.B. A critical appraisal of intravenous fluids: from the physiological basis to clinical evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30:178–87. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu005
20. Iro M.A., Sell T., Brown N., Maitland K. Rapid intravenous rehydration of children with acute gastroenteritis and dehydration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):44. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1006-1
21. Almutairi M.K., Al-Saleh A.M., Al Qadrah B.H. еt al. Outcomes and predictors of early emergency department discharge among children with acute gastroenteritis and moderate dehydration. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2022;9(1):27–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2021.03.003
22. Levin M., Cunnington A.J., Wilson C. еt al. Effects of saline or albumin fluid bolus in resuscitation: evidence from re-analysis of the FEAST trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(7):581–593. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30114-6
23. Maitland K., Kiguli S., Opoka R.O. еt al.; FEAST Trial Group. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2483–2495. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
24. Wiertsema S.P., van Bergenhenegouwen J., Garssen J., Knippels L.M.J. The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):886. DOI: 10.3390/nu13030886
25. MacGillivray S., Fahey T., McGuire W. Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD005433. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005433.pub2
26. Lo Vecchio A., Vandenplas Y., Benninga M. еt al. An international consensus report on a new algorithm for the management of infant diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105(8):e384–9. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13432
27. Hu Y., Gui L., Chang J. et al. The incidence of infants with rotavirus enteritis combined with lactose intolerance. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(1 Suppl):321–323. PMID: 27005498
28. Florez I.D., Veroniki A.A., Al Khalifah R. еt al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0207701. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207701
29. Jin L., Huang Y., Xi J. еt al. Interpretable machine learning-derived nomogram model for early detection of persistent diarrhea in Salmonella typhimurium enteritis: a propensity score matching based case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):199. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-10587-1
30. Мескина Е.Р. Синдром мальабсорбции углеводов у детей с вирусным гастроэнтеритом. Альманах клинической медицины. 2015;42:79–86. DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-42-79-86Meskina E.R. Carbohydrate malabsorption syndrome in children with viral gastroenteritis. Almanac of clinical medicine. 2015;42:79–86 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-42-79-86
31. Islam S.B., Ahmed T., Mahfuz M. еt al. The management of persistent diarrhoea at Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research: a clinical chart review. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2018;38(2):87–96. DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1315911
32. Sarker S.A., Ahmed T., Brüssow H. Persistent diarrhea: a persistent infection with enteropathogens or a gut commensal dysbiosis? Environ Microbiol. 2017;19(10):3789–3801. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13873
33. Cuffe M.S., Staudacher H.M., Aziz I. еt al. Efficacy of dietary interventions in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10(6):520–536. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00054-8
34. Katsagoni C.N., Karagianni V.M., Papadopoulou A. Efficacy of Different Dietary Patterns in the Treatment of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. Nutrients. 2023;15(12):2708. DOI: 10.3390/nu15122708
35. Bertin L., Zanconato M., Crepaldi M. еt al. The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS. Nutrients. 2024;16(3):370. DOI: 10.3390/nu16030370
36. Poeta M., Del Bene M., Lo Vecchio A., Guarino A. Acute Infectious Diarrhea. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1449:143–156. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58572-2_9. Erratum in: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1449:C1. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58572-2_13
37. Huang R., Xing H.Y., Liu H.J. еt al. Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(12):3248–3260. DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-511
38. Higuchi T., Furuichi M., Maeda N. еt al. Effects of probiotics in children with acute gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on probiotics utilized in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2024;30(4):337–342. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.005
39. Vassilopoulou L., Spyromitrou-Xioufi P., Ladomenou F. Effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in reducing duration of acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients in developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(9):2907–2920. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04046-7
40. Collinson S., Deans A., Padua-Zamora A. еt al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):CD003048. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4
41. Мескина Е.Р. Клиническая эффективность препаратов-пробиотиков ассоциирована с модуляцией профиля фекальных короткоцепочечных жирных кислот у детей различного возраста при вирусном гастроэнтерите. Вопросы практической педиатрии. 2017;12(3):35–45. DOI: 10.20953/1817-7646-2017-3-35-45Meskina E.R. Clinical effectiveness of probiotic preparations is associated with modulation of the fecal short-chain fatty acids profile in children of varied age with viral gastroenteritis. Clinical Practice in Pediatrics. 2017;12(3):35–45 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.20953/1817-7646-2017-3-35-45
42. Мескина Е.Р. Сравнительная эффективность препаратов пробиотиков в лечении острых инвазивных (дизентериеподобных) кишечных инфекций у детей, госпитализированных в стационар Педиатрия. Журнал им. Г.Н. Сперанского. 2019;98(6):118–126.DOI: 10.24110/0031-403X-2019-98-6-118-126Meskina E.R. Comparative efficacy of probiotic preparations in treatment of acute invasive (dysentery-like) intestinal infections in hospitalized children. Pediatriya. Pediatria n.a. G.N. Speransky. 2019;98(6):118–126 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24110/0031-403X-2019-98-6-118-126
43. Minaz A., Alam R., Jiwani U. еt al. Efficacy of probiotics for treatment of acute or persistent diarrhoea in children from birth till 10 years: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04236. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.14.04236
44. Pavlinac P.B., Brander R.L., Atlas H.E. еt al. Interventions to reduce post-acute consequences of diarrheal disease in children: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):208. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5092-7
45. Iacob T., Ţăţulescu D.F., Dumitraşcu D.L. Therapy of the postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: an update. Clujul Med. 2017;90(2):133–138. DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-752
46. Pisipati S., Connor B.A., Riddle M.S. Updates on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(5):411–418. DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000666
47. Leinert J.L., Weichert S., Jordan A.J., Adam R. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection in Children: Influence of Antibiotic Therapy on Postconvalescent Excretion and Clinical Course-A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(10):1187. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101187
48. Bouza E., Aguado J.M., Alcalá L. еt al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: An official clinical practice guideline of the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy (SEQ), Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) and the working group of Postoperative Infection of the Spanish Society of Anesthesia and Reanimation (SEDAR). Rev Esp Quimioter. 2020;33(2):151–175. DOI: 10.37201/req/2065.2020
49. Jahun A.S., Goodfellow I.G. Interferon responses to norovirus infections: current and future perspectives. J Gen Virol. 2021;102(10):001660. DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001660
50. Sen A., Namsa N.D., Feng N., Greenberg H.B. Rotavirus Reprograms Multiple Interferon Receptors and Restricts Their Intestinal Antiviral and Inflammatory Functions. J Virol. 2020;94(6):e01775–1719. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01775-19
51. Bencze D., Fekete T., Pázmándi K. Type I Interferon Production of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells under Control. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(8):4190. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084190
52. Gandhi G.R., Santos V.S., Denadai M. еt al. Cytokines in the management of rotavirus infection: A systematic review of in vivo studies. Cytokine. 2017;96:152–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.013
53. Geng X., Cao X., Jiang J., Li L. Relationship between fecal viral load and peripheral blood Th1/Th2, related cytokines in children with rotavirus infection enteritis. Microb Pathog. 2025;206:107745. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107745
54. Iaconis G., Jackson B., Childs K. et al. Rotavirus NSP1 Inhibits Type I and Type III Interferon Induction. Viruses. 2021;13(4):589. DOI: 10.3390/v13040589
55. Dai J., Agbemabiese C.A., Griffin A.N., Patton J.T. Rotavirus capping enzyme VP3 inhibits interferon expression by inducing MAVS degradation during viral replication. mBio. 2023;14(6):e0225523. DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02255-23
56. Judd E.N., Gilchrist A.R., Meyerson N.R., Sawyer S.L. Positive natural selection in primate genes of the type I interferon response. BMC Ecol Evol. 2021;21(1):65. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01783-z
57. McNab F., Mayer-Barber K., Sher A. еt al. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(2):87–103. DOI: 10.1038/nri3787
58. Xia A., Li X., Zhao C. еt al. For Better or Worse: Type I Interferon Responses in Bacterial Infection. Pathogens. 2025;14(3):229. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14030229
59. Gal-Mor O. Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;32(1):e00088-18. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00088-18
60. Worley J.M. Immune evasion and persistence in enteric bacterial pathogens. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2163839. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2163839
61. Schaupp L., Muth S., Rogell L. еt al. Microbiota-Induced Type I Interferons Instruct a Poised Basal State of Dendritic Cells. Cell. 2020;181:1080–1096.e19. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.022
62. Smits H.H., Jochems S.P. Diverging patterns in innate immunity against respiratory viruses during a lifetime: lessons from the young and the old. Eur Respir Rev. 2024;33(172):230266. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0266-2023
63. Taveras J., Garcia-Maurino C., Moore-Clingenpeel M. еt al. Type III Interferons, Viral Loads, Age, and Disease Severity in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis. 2022;227(1):61–70. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac404
64. Pitkäranta A., Nokso-Koivisto J., Jäntti V. еt al. Lowered yields of virus-induced interferon production in leukocyte cultures and risk of recurrent respiratory infections in children. J Clin Virol. 1999;14(3):199–205. DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00056-6
65. Coenen I., De Jong E., Jones A.C. еt al. Impaired interferon response in plasmacytoid dendritic cells from children with persistent wheeze. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024;153(4):1083–1094. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.920
66. Pitkäranta A., Hovi T., Karma P. Interferon production by leukocytes in children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1996;34(1–2):25–33. DOI: 10.1016/0165-5876(95)01231-1
67. Gaberino C.L., Altman M.C., Gill M.A. еt al. Dysregulation of airway and systemic interferon responses promotes asthma exacerbations in urban children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;155(5):1499–1509. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.12.1090
68. Kolsin J.M., Lopman B.A., Payne D.C. еt al. Evaluating Previous Antibiotic Use as a Risk Factor for Acute Gastroenteritis Among Children in Davidson County, Tennessee, 2014–2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):e86–e91. DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy044
69. Мескина Е.Р. Особенности микробиоты у детей с отягощенным преморбидным состоянием при вирусных диареях. Способы коррекции нарушений. РМЖ. 2011;18:1126.Meskina E.R. Microbiota peculiarities in children with complicated premorbid condition in viral diarrhea. Methods of correction of disorders. RMJ. 2011;18:1126 (in Russ.).
70. Foster N., Tang Y., Berchieri A. еt al. Revisiting Persistent Salmonella Infection and the Carrier State: What Do We Know? Pathogens. 2021;10(10):1299. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101299
71. Горелов А.В., Феклисова Л.В., Плоскирева А.А. и др. Новые возможности в терапии острых кишечных инфекций у детей. Инфекционные болезни. 2012;10(1):42–49.Gorelov A.V., Feklisova L.V., Ploskireva A.A. еt al. New possibilities in the therapy of acute intestinal infections in children. Infectious diseases. 2012;10(1):42–49 (in Russ.).
72. Феклисова Л.В., Мескина Е.Р., Галкина Л.А. и др. Оптимизация результатов лечения вирусно-бактериальных инфекций у детей: алгоритм применения суппозиториев Кипферона. РМЖ. 2009;17(7):468–472.Feklisova L.V., Meskina E.R., Galkina L.A. еt al. Optimization of treatment results for viral and bacterial infections in children: an algorithm for using Kipferon suppositories. RMJ. 2009;17(7):468–472 (in Russ.).
73. Мескина Е.Р., Русанова Е.В. Обоснование иммунотерапии острой кишечной инфекции инвазивного типа с использованием α-интерферона у детей первых месяцев жизни с кишечными дисфункциями. Альманах клинической медицины. 2015;(42):87–95. DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-42-87-95Meskina E.R., Rusanova E.V. Rationale for alpha-interferon immunotherapy in infant with intestinal functional gastrointestinal disorders and acute invasive intestinal infection. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;(42):87–95 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-42-87-95
74. Улуханова Л.У. Современные подходы в терапии дизентерии Флекснера 2А у детей. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. 2012;(2):50–55.Ulukhanova L.U. Current approaches in the treatment of dysentery in children. Epidemiology and infectious diseases. 2012;(2)50–55 (in Russ.).
75. Мескина Е.Р., Русанова Е.В. Эффективность рекомбинантного α-2b-интерферона в лечении вирусной кишечной инфекции у детей с отягощенным преморбидным состоянием. Лечение и профилактика. 2013;(4):5–12.Meskina E.R., Rusanova E.V. Recombinant alpha-2b-interferon efficiency in children with complicated premorbid condition and viral intestinal infection. Treatment and prevention. 2013;(4):5–12 (in Russ.).
76. Мескина Е.Р., Пожалостина Л.В. Эффективность препарата Кипферон в комплексном лечении нозокомиальной инфекции у детей с инвазивной диареей. РМЖ. 2010;18(25):1489–1492.Meskina E.R., Pozhalostina L.V. Efficiency of the drug Kipferon in the complex treatment of nosocomial infection in children with invasive diarrhea. RMJ. 2010;18(25):1489–1492 (in Russ.).
77. Мазанкова Л.Н., Чеботарева Т.А., Майкова И.Д., Горбунов С.Г. Цитокиновый статус и эффективность цитокинотерапии ротавирусной инфекции у детей. Фарматека. 2015;4(297):73–77.Mazankova L.N., Chebotareva T.A., Maikova I.D., Gorbunov S.G. Cytokine status and the effectiveness of cytokine therapy of rotavirus infection in children. Pharmateka. 2015;4(297):73–77 (in Russ.).
78. Романцов М.Г., Тихомирова О.В. Коррекция нарушений, терапия кишечных инфекций и дисбиоза у детей (клинический обзор). Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2010;55(5–6):41–49.Romantsov M.G., Tikhomirova O.V. Correction of disorders, therapy of intestinal infections and dysbiosis in children (clinical review). Antibiotics and chemotherapy. 2010;55(5–6):41–49 (in Russ.).
79. Castro-Rodriguez J.A., Turi K.N., Forno E. A critical analysis of the effect of OM-85 for the prevention of recurrent respiratory tract infections or wheezing/asthma from systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2024;35(7):e14186. DOI: 10.1111/pai.14186
80. Милютина Л.Н., Голубев А.О. Опыт применения Ликопида для санации постинфекционного сальмонеллезного бактерионосительства у детей. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2015;60(4):100–107.Milutina L.N., Golubev A.O. Experience with Likopid for sanitation of postinfectious Salmonella carriage in children. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2015;60(4):100–107 (in Russ.).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons «Attribution» 4.0 License.
















