State-of-the-art etiology and pathogenesis of dry eye
DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-3-128-132
State-of-the-art etiology and pathogenesis of dry eye
E.B. Tatarnikova, O.I. Krivosheina
Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Numerous studies on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment for dry eye are now underway worldwide. Current tendency is accounted for by growing prevalence, no common conception of the development, and inadequate efficiency of available treatment for dry eye. Dry eye manifests by ocular discomfort and dryness, blurred vision, and sensitivity to wind and smoke. A constant (and sometimes lifelong) need for ocular lubricants is an important limitation of pharmacotherapy for this disease. Surgery is associated with the risk of corneal and conjunctival damage and postoperative infections. Therefore, novel treatment approaches as well as in-depth study of dry eye etiology and pathogenesis are required. This article reviews domestic and foreign publications highlighting recent data on dry eye prevalence in various population groups, its risk factors, and background. Major pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye are also discussed. Detailed information on the causes and mechanisms of the develo pment of dry eye contributes to the diagnosis and, as a result, early treatment and prevention.
Keywords: dry eye, tear film, hyperosmolarity, neurosensory mechanisms, oxidative stress.
For citation: Tatarnikova E.B., Krivosheina O.I. State-of-the-art etiology and pathogenesis of dry eye. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(3):128–132. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-3-128-132.
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2. Rouen P.A., White M.L. Dry Eye Disease: Prevalence, Assessment, and Management. Home Healthc Now. 2018;36(2):74–83. DOI: 10.1097/NHH.0000000000000652.
3. Полунин Г.С., Полунина Е.Г. От «сухого глаза» к «болезни слезной пленки». Офтальмология. 2012;9(2):4–7.
[Polunin G.S., Polunina E.G. From dry eye to the «disease of the tear film». Oftalmologiya. 2012;9(2):4–7 (in Russ.)].
4. Foulks G.N. The correlation between the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52(4):369–374. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.04.009.
5. Бржеский В.В. Синдром «сухого глаза»: болезнь цивилизации. Окулист. 2002;9(10):8–9.
[Brzheskii V.V. Dry eye syndrome: a disease of civilization. Okulist. 2002;9(10):8–9 (in Russ.)].
6. Farrand K.F., Fridman M., Stillman I.O., Schaumberg D.A. Prevalence of diagnosed dry eye disease in the United States among adults aged 18 years and older. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;182:90–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.06.033.
7. Aggarwal S., Galor A. What’s new in dry eye disease diagnosis? Current advances and challenges. F1000 Faculty Res. 2018;1952:1–7. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16468.1.
8. Stapleton F., Alves M., Bunya V.Y. et al. TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–365. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003.
9. Guo B., Lu P., Chen X. et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease in Mongolians at high altitude in China: the Henan eye study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2010;17(4):234–241. DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2010.498659.
10. Uchino M., Dogru M., Yagi Y. et al. The features of dry eye disease in a Japanese elderly population. Optom Vis Sci. 2006;83(11):797–802. DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000232814.39651.fa.
11. Uchino M. What We Know About the Epidemiology of Dry Eye Disease in Japan. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(14): DES1–DES6. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17–23491.
12. Matossian C., McDonald M., Donaldson K.E. et al. Dry Eye Disease: Consideration for Women’s Health. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2019;28(4):502–514. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7041.
13. Schaumberg D.A., Sullivan D.A., Buring J.E., Dana M.R. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(2):318–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.06.033.
14. Zhang Y., Chen H., Wu X. Prevalence and risk factors associated with dry eye syndrome among senior high school students in a county of Shandong Province, China. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012;19(4):226–230. DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2012.670742.
15. Nichols J.J., Bickle K.M., Zink R.C. et al. Safety and efficacy of topical azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1.0% in the treatment of contact lens-related dry eye. Eye Contact Lens. 2012;38:73–79. DOI: 10.1097/ ICL.0b013e31823ff229.
16. Nichols K.K., Foulks G.N., Bron A.J. et al. The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: Executive Summary. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:1922–1929. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10–6997a.
17. Uchino M., Uchino Y., Dogru M. et al. Dry eye disease and work productivity loss in visual display users: the Osaka study. Am J Ophthalmology. 2014;157(2):294–300. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.10.014.
18. Uchino M., Yokoi N., Uchino Y. et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors in visual display terminal users: the Osaka study. Am J Ophthalmology. 2013;156(4):759–766. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.040.
19. Ong Tone S., Elbaz U., Silverman E. et al. Evaluation of Dry Eye Disease in Children With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Healthy Controls. Cornea. 2019;38(5):581–586. DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001902.
20. Murray P.I., Rauz S. The Eye and Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: The Eye and Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016;30(5):802–825. DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.10.007.
21. Yuan J., Deng Y.Q. Emphasizing the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes related dry eye. Zhonghua Yan KeZaZhi. 2017;53(9):645–647. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412–4081.2017.09.002.
22. Karaman Erdur S., Kulac Karadeniz D., Kocabora M.S. et al. Ocular surface and tear parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis C at initial stages of hepatic fibrosis. Eye Contact Lens. 2015;41(2):117–120. DOI: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000079.
23. Сафонова Т.Н., Кинтюхина Н.П., Петренко А.Е., Гладкова О.В. Профилактика синдрома «сухого глаза» при хроническом блефарите демодекозной этиологии. РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2016;16(2):89–93.
[Safonova T.N., Kintuhina N.P., Petrenko A.E., Gladkova O.V. Prevention of dry eye syndrome in chronic blepharitis of demodectic etiology. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2016;16(2):89–93 (in Russ.)].
24. Gomes J.A.P., Azar D.T., Baudouin C. et al. TFOS DEWSII iatrogenic report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):511–538. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.004.
25. Колинченко А.Р., Шарифгалеева Г.Р., Латыпова Э.А., Габбасова М.З. Развитие синдрома «сухого глаза» при применении офтальмогипотензивных препаратов у больных с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой. Вестник Башкирского государственного медицинского университета. 2019;3:93–96.
[Kolichenko A.R., Sharifgaleeva G.R., Latypova E.A., Gabbasova M.Z. The development of “dry eye” syndrome in the use of ophthalmic-hypotensive drugs in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Vestnik Bashkirskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta. 2019;3:93–96 (in Russ.)].
26. Егоров Е.А., Романова Т.Б. Влияние состава слезозаменителей на эффективность и переносимость терапии при синдроме «сухого глаза». РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2016;16(3):151–154.
[Egorov E.A., Romanova T.B. The effect of the composition of tear substitutes on the effectiveness and tolerability of therapy for dry eye syndrome». Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2016;16(3):151–154 (in Russ.)].
27. Оганезова Ж.Г., Симонова С.В. Особенности выбора терапии при первичной открытоугольной глаукоме. РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2019;19(3):159–162.
[Oganezova J.G., Simonova S.V. Modalities for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2019;19(3):159–162 (in Russ.)].
28. Kollewe K., Mohammadi B., Köhler S. et al. Blepharospasm: long-term treatment with either Botox®, Xeomin® or Dysport®. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015;122(3):427–431. DOI: 10.1007/s00702–014–1278-z.
29. Анисимова С.Г., Мазина Н.К., Абрамова Т.В. Роль возрастных, профессиональных, экологических факторов в развитии патологии слезного аппарата глаза, в частности, синдрома «сухого глаза». Вятский медицинский вестник. 2016;1(49):46–52.
[Anisimova S.G., Mazina N.K., Abramova T.V. The role of age-related, professional, environmental factors in the development of the pathology of the lacrimal apparatus of the eye, in particular, the dry eye syndrome. Vyatskiy meditsinskiy vestnik. 2016;1(49):46–52 (in Russ.)].
30. Zhong J.Y., Lee Y.C., Hsieh C.J. et al. Association between Dry Eye Disease, Air Pollution and Weather Changes in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10): pii: E2269. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph1510226.
31. Jung S.J., Lee S.H. Association between Three Heavy Metals and Dry Eye Disease in Korean Adults: Results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2019;33(1):26–35. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2018.0065.
32. Mcmonnies C.W. The potential role of neuropathic mechanisms in dry eye syndromes. Journal of Optometry. 2017;10:5–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.06.002
33. Galor A., Felix E.R., Feuer W. et al. Dry eye symptoms align more closely to non-ocular conditions than to tear film parameters. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(8):1126–1129. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014–306481.
34. Bron A.J., de Paiva C.S., Chauhan S.K. et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):438–510. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011.
35. Gaffney E.A., Tiffany J.M., Yokoi N., Bron A.J. A mass and solute balance model for tear volume and osmolarity in the normal and the dry eye. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(1):59–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.11.002.
36. Tibrewal S., Ivanir Y., Sarkar J., Nayeb-Hashemi N. et al. Hyperosmolar stress induces neutrophil extracellular trap formation: implications for dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(12):7961–7969. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14–15332.
37. Puro D.G. Role of ion channels in the functional response of conjunctival goblet cells to dry eye. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2018;315(2):236–246. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2018.
38. Ding J., Kam W.R., Dieckow J., Sullivan D.A. The influence of 13-cis retinoic acid on human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;26;54 (6):4341–4350. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13–11863.
39. Ding J., Liu Y., Sullivan D.A. Effects of Insulin and High Glucose on Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(13):7814–7820. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15–18049.
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