Brain as a target of stress and hypertension
E.S. Akarachkova1, A.R. Artemenko2, A.A. Beliaev3, L.R. Kadyrova4, K.S. Kerimova5, O.V. Kotova1,6, D.I. Lebedeva7, A.S. Orlova2, I.A. Radchenko8, O.V. Riabokon9, E.V. Travnikova10, E.V. Tsareva11, O.N. Iakovlev12
1International Association for the Study and Effective Control of the Stress and Related Disorders, Moscow
2Sechenov University, Moscow
3N.V. Sklifosovsky Scientific Research Institute of First Aid, Moscow
4Kazan State Medical Academy, the branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
5MediSPA LLC, Moscow
6National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow
7Tyumen State Medical University
8National Medical and Surgical Center Named after N.I. Pirogov, Moscow
9The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow
10Unison LLC, Moscow
11Russian State Social University, Moscow
12Psychotherapy Outpatient Clinic at the University of Trier, Germany
The term “stress” has been used for more than 70 years. Its author, Hans Selye, defined stress as “a non-specific body reaction to any need”. Stress is a reaction to any factor impact that can threaten the body homeostasis. These genuine or perceived threats are called “stressors” — they represent a long list of potentially adverse factors that can be both emotional and physical. Stressors cause a reaction complex in the central nervous system, the purpose of which is to restore or maintain homeostasis. However, stress and significant life events cannot be considered separately from human and his existing history. The article deals with the association of stress and arterial hypertension and their impact on the brain, which is not able to provide adequate adaptation in such conditions. The article also discusses the need for the complex hypotensive and vascular nootropic therapy use to provide the brain with the necessary level of metabolic activity, thus, to create an adaptive reserve and increase stress resistance. This, in turn, allows creating conditions for the preventive measures implementation, which, as a rule, coincide with stress and hypertension due to the common pathogenetic mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the basics of stress and hypertension prevention, which are acceptable in real clinical practice.
Keywords: stress, hypertension, stress resistance, neuroplasticity, brain, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, Cereton, Neipilept, Neurox.
For citation: Akarachkova E.S., Artemenko A.R., Beliaev A.A. et al. Brain as a target of stress and hypertension. RMJ. Medical Review. 2019;4(II):59–64.
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4. Esler M. Mental stress and human cardiovascular disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):269–276.
5. Milicevic M., Krzesinski J.M. Hypertension and the brain Rev Med Liege. 2008;63(5–6):269–279.
6. Tynan R.J., Beynon S.B., Hinwood M. et al. Chronic stress-induced disruption of the astrocyte network is driven by structural atrophy and not loss of astrocytes. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(1):75–91.
7. Mravec B., Horvathova L., Padova A. Brain Under Stress and Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2018;38(1):73–84.
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10. Tian G.H., Sun K., Huang P. et al. Long-term stimulation with electroacupuncture at DU20 and ST36 rescues hippocampal neuron through attenuating cerebral blood flow in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:482947. DOI: 10.1155/2013/482947.
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16. Батышева Т.Н., Нестерова О.С., Отческая О.В. и др. Применение Церетона у больных с умеренными когнитивными расстройствами сосудистого генеза. Трудный пациент. 2009;4–5:10–2. [Batysheva T.N., Nesterova O.S., Otchesky O.V. et al. The use of cereton in patients with mild cognitive disorders of vascular origin. Difficult patient. 2009;4–5:10–2 (in Russ.)].
17. Гаврилова С.И., Алесенко А.В., Колыхалов И.В. и др. Клинико-биологические эффекты Церетона при лечении синдрома мягкого когнитивного снижения амнестического типа. Психиатрия. 2017;1:5–15. [Gavrilova S.I., Alesenko A.V., Kolykhalov I.V. et al. Clinical and Biological Effects of Cereton in the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Reduction Syndrome of Amnesic Type. Psychiatry. 2017;1:5–15 (in Russ.)].
18. Пизова Н.В. Опыт применения Церетона у больных с хронической ишемией головного мозга и умеренными когнитивными расстройствами. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии. 2014;12:88–93. [Pizova N.V. Experience with Cereton in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;12:88–93 (in Russ.)].
19. Путилина М.В. Оптимизация выбора нейропротекторной терапии у пожилых пациентов с хронической ишемией головного мозга. Фарматека. 2016;19:8–16. [Putilina M.V. Optimization of the choice of neuroprotective therapy in elderly patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. Pharmateka. 2016;9:8–16 ( in Russ.)].
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22. Соловьева Е.Ю., Фаррахова К.И., Карнеев А.Н., Чипова Д.Т. Роль фосфолипидов в ишемическом поражении головного мозга. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2016;1:104–112. [Solovyova E.Yu., Farrakhova K.I., Karneev A.N., Chipova D.T. The role of phospholipids in ischemic brain damage. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry S.S. Korsakov. 2016;1:104–112 (in Russ.)].
23. Malan L., Malan N.T. Emotional Stress as a Risk for Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africans: Are We Ignoring the Odds? Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:497–510.
24. Von Dusch T. Lehrbuch der Herzkrankheiten. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelman; 1868.
25. Friedman M., Rosenman R. Association of specific overt behaviour pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1959;169:1286–1296.
26. Kupper N., Boomsma D.I., de Geus E.J. et al. Nine-year stability of type D personality: contributions of genes and environment. Psychosom Med. 2011;73:75–82.
27. Denollet J., Conraads V.M. Type D personality and vulnerability to adverse outcomes in heart disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2011;78(1):S13–19.
28. Wu J.R., Moser D.K. Type D personality predicts poor medication adherence in patients with heart failure in the USA. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21:833–842.
29. Mommersteeg P.M., Pelle A.J., Ramakers C. et al. Type D personality and course of health status over 18 months in outpatients with heart failure: multiple mediating inflammatory biomarkers. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26:301–310.
30. Martens E.J., Mols F., Burg M.M., Denollet J. Type D personality predicts clinical events after myocardial infarction, above and beyond disease severity and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:778–783.
31. Grande G., Romppel M., Barth J. Association between type D personality and prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2012;43:299–310.
32. ВОЗ. Физическая активность. (Электронный ресурс). URL: http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/ru/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2019). [WHO. Physical activity. (Electronic resource). URL: http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/ru/ (access date: 13.02.2019) (in Russ.)].
33. Акарачкова Е.С. Роль вегетативной нервной системы в патогенезе головной боли напряжения: дис. … д-ра мед. наук. М., 2013. [Akarachkova E.S. The role of the vegetative nervous system in the pathogenesis of headache pain voltage: thesis. M., 2013 (in Russ.)].
34. Hirshkowitz M., Whiton K., Albert S. et al. National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep Health. 2015;1:233–243.
35. Medic G., Wille M., Hemels M.E.H. Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017; 9:151–161.
36. Мартынов М.Ю., Ясаманова А.Н., Колесникова Т.И. и др. Комбинированная нейропротективная терапия у коморбидных пациентов с хронической ишемией головного мозга. Медицинский совет. 2017. 12:146–150. [Martynov M.Yu., Yasamanova A.N., Kolesnikova T.I. et al. Combined neuroprotective therapy in comorbid patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. Medical advice. 2017;12:146–150 (in Russ.)].
37. Федеральное руководство по использованию лекарственных средств. XIII вып. М.; 2012. [Federal guidelines on the use of medicines. XIII issue. M .; 2012. (in Russ.)].
38. Cohen B.E., Edmondson D., Kronish I.M. State of the Art Review: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Hypertens. 2015; 28(11):1295–1302.
39. Muresanu D.F. Neuroprotection and neuroplasticity — a holistic approach and future perspectives.J Neurol Sci. 2007;257(1–2):38–43.
40. Остроумова О.Д., Первичко Е.И., Барышникова З.М. Гипертония на рабочем месте. РМЖ. 2006;4:213. [Ostroumova O.D., Perichko E.I., Baryshnikova Z.M. Hypertension in the workplace. RMJ. 2006;4:213 (in Russ.)].
41. Гарганеева Н.П. Психосоциальный стресс и метаболизм липидов: концепция факторов риска и новый подход к профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. РМЖ. 2008;12:1712. [Garganeeva N.P. Psychosocial stress and lipid metabolism: the concept of risk factors and a new approach to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. RMJ. 2008;12:1712 (in Russ.)].
42. Доронина О.Б., Цой С.В., Доронина К.С. Противотревожная терапия пациентов с «гипертонией белого халата». РМЖ. 2017;9:596–601. [Doronina O.B., Tsoi S.V., Doronina K.S. Anti-anxiety therapy for patients with white coat hypertension. RMJ. 2017;9:596–601 (in Russ.)].
43. Лазебник Л.Б., Комиссаренко И.А., Милюкова О.М. Систолическая артериальная гипертония у пожилых. РМЖ. 1997;20:3. [Lazebnik L.B., Komissarenko I.A., Milyukova O.M. Systolic hypertension in the elderly. RMJ. 1997;20:3 (in Russ.)].
44. Холодова И.Н., Зайденварг Г.Е. Стресс: как уменьшить его влияние на качество жизни человека. РМЖ. 2018;2(11):113–117. [Kholodova I.N., Zaidenwarg G.E. Stress: how to reduce its impact on the quality of human life. RMJ. 2018;2(11):113–117 (in Russ.)].
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