Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases
DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-4-200-205
S.V. German, A.V. Balakaeva
Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks
of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
Air pollution is associated with a variety of adverse health effects being an important public health issue worldwide. Many studies have demonstrated that air pollutants contribute to the development of diseases (in particular, cardiovascular diseases/CVDs) and increased mortality. The risk of CVDs in air pollution is less than in conventional risks (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia). Meanwhile, this factor is almost ubiquitous, therefore, its significance is high. Airborne pollutants rank first among environmental risk factors for CVDs. Although CVD risk increases with the rise of the concentration and duration of the exposure to air pollutants, their safe levels have not been determined yet. In increased air pollution, enhanced monitoring of CVDs (in particular, in susceptible individuals) and preventive measures are required. This review summarizes recent epidemiological data on the effects of air pollution (mainly with suspended particulat e matter) on the cardiovascular system. Mechanisms mediating negative effects of air pollutants (i.e., oxidative stress, inflammation, vegetative imbalance with the predominance of sympathetic stimuli).
Keywords: air pollution, particular matter, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, inflammation, oxidative stress.
For citation: German S.V., Balakaeva A.V. Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(4):200–205 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-4-200-205.
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15. Kloog I., Zanobetti A., Nordio F. et al. Effects of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) on deep vein thrombosis admissions in the northeastern United States. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(5):768–774. DOI: 10.1111/jth.12873.
16. Chen K., Schneider A., Cyrys J. et al. Hourly Exposure to Ultrafine Particle Metrics and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction in Augsburg, Germany. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(1):017003. DOI: 10.1289/ehp5478.
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21. Dai J., Sun C., Yao Z. et al. Exposure to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter disrupts vascular endothelial cell barrier function via the IL-6/HIF-1α signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio. 2016;6(7):720–728. DOI: 10.1002/2211–5463.12077.
22. Dai J., Chen W., Lin Y. et al. Exposure to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter induces vascular endothelial dysfunction via miR-21. Int J Biol Sci. 2017;13(7):868–877. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19868.
23. Wang T., Shimizu Y., Wu X. et al. Particulate matter disrupts human lung endothelial cell barrier integrity via Rho-dependent pathways. Pulm Circ. 2017;7(3):617–623. DOI: 10.1086/689906.
24. O’Toole T., Hellmann J., Wheat L. et al. Episodic exposure to fine particulate air pollution decreases circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells. Circ Res. 2010;107(2):200–203. DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.222679.
25. Jantzen K., Møller P., Karottki D. et al. Exposure to ultrafine particles, intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes and altered levels of endothelial progenitor cells. Toxicology. 2016;359–360:11–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.007.
26. Ward-Caviness C. A review of gene-by-air pollution interactions for cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and biomarkers. Hum Genet. 2019;138(6):547–561. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02004-w.
27. Fuertes E., van der Plaat D., Minelli C. Antioxidant genes and susceptibility to air pollution for respiratory and cardiovascular health. Free Rad Biol Med. 2020;151:88–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.181.
28. Künzli N., Perez L., von Klot S. et al. Investigating air pollution and atherosclerosis in humans: concepts and outlook. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;53(5):334–343. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2010.12.006.
29. Fan J., Qin X., Xue X. et al. [Effects of carbon components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on atherogenic index of plasma]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;48(1):33–37 (in. Chinese). PMID: 24713288.
30. Provost E., Madhloum N., Int Panis L. et al. Carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and particulate air pollution exposure: the meta-analytical evidence. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5): e0127014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127014.
31. Ramanathan G., Yin F., Speck M. et al. Effects of urban fine particulate matter and ozone on HDL functionality. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2015;13(1). DOI:10.1186/s12989-016-0139-3.
32. Madrigano J., Baccarelli A., Mittleman M. et al. Prolonged exposure to particulate pollution, genes associated with glutathione pathways, and DNA methylation in a cohort of older men. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(7):977–982. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002773.
33. Yitshak Sade M., Kloog I., Liberty I. et al. The association between air pollution exposure and glucose and lipids levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(6):2460–2467. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1378.
34. Perez C., Hazari M., Farraj A. Role of autonomic reflex arcs in cardiovascular responses to air pollution exposure. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2014;15(1):69–78. DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0.
35. Gan W., Allen R., Brauer M. et al. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and progression of carotid artery atherosclerosis: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(4):e004743. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004743.
36. Newman J., Thurston G., Cromar K. et al. Particulate air pollution and carotid artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(11):1150–1151. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.052.
37. Newby D., Mannucci P., Tell G. et al. Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2014;36(2):83–93. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu458.
38. Kaufman J., Adar S., Barr R. et al. Association between air pollution and coronary artery calcification within six metropolitan areas in the USA (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution): a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2016;388(10045):696–704. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (16) 00378-0.
39. Wang M., Hou Z., Xu H. et al. Association of estimated long-term exposure to air pollution and traffic proximity with a marker for coronary atherosclerosis in a nationwide study in China. JAMA New Open. 2019;2(6): e196553. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6553.
40. Yang S., Lee S., Park J. et al. PM2.5 concentration in the ambient air is a risk factor for the development of high-risk coronary plaques. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imag. 2019;20(12):1355–1364. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez209.
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