Termination of pregnancy: what can we do for the prevention?
DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-267-274
G.C. Di Renzo1, Yu.E. Dobrokhotova2, E.A. Markova2
1University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
The health of any woman lies in her own hands. The functioning of the reproductive system is one of the major indicators of physical health. Therefore, every woman should care for her reproductive health and give it all the necessary attention since the main purpose of each woman is, above all, childbearing.
Within the framework of the 4th International Interdisciplinary Summit “Woman’s health” that was held online on May 25–27, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Professor Gian Carlo di Renzo (University of Perugia, Italy) has given a lecture entitled “Termination of pregnancy: what can we do for the prevention?”.
This paper addresses this lecture which will definitely be useful and interesting for practicing obstetricians and gynecologists. The lecture discusses the prevention of recurrent pregnancy loss, the issues facing doctors when deciding on progesterone prescription during pregnancy, and preventive strategies for premature birth. The importance of the critical assessment of the reliability of the findings which may be a basis for treatment approaches is highlighted.
Keywords: didrogesterone, recurrent pregnancy loss, pessary, short cervix, premature birth, evidence-based medicine.
For citation: Di Renzo G.C., Dobrokhotova Yu.E., Markova E.A. Termination of pregnancy: what can we do for the prevention? Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):267–274. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-267-274.
References
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3. Romero R., Conde-Agudelo A., Da Fonseca E. et al. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singletion gestation with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2):161–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.576.
4. Wahabi H.A., Fayed A.A., Esmaeil S.A., Al Zeidan R.A. Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12): CD005943. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005943.pub4.
5. Wahabi H.A., Fayed A.A., Esmaeil S.A., Bahkali K.H. Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8): CD005943. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005943.pub5.
6. Haas D.M., Hathaway T.J., Ramsey P.S. Progesteron for prevention miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10): CD003511. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub4.
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8. Coomarasami A., Devall A.J., Brosens J.J. et al. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: a critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.006.
9. Magnus M.C., Wilcox A.J., Morken N.-H. Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study. BMJ. 2019;364: l869. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l869.
10. Bhattacharya S., Townend J., Bhattacharya S. Recurrent miscarriage: Are three miscarriages one too many? Analysis of a Scottish population-based database of 151,021 pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;150(1):24–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.02.015.
11. Ogasawara М., Aoki К., Okada S., Suzumori K. Embryonic karyotype of abortuses in relation to the number of previous miscarriages. Fertil Steril. 2000;73(2):300–304. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282 (99) 00495-1.
12. Chee Wai Ku, John C. Allen Jr, Sze Min Lek et al. Serum progesterone distribution in normal pregnancies compared to pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage from 5 to 13 weeks gestation: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):360–366. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2002-z.
13. Norwitz E.R., Schust D.J., Fisher S.J. Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1400–1408. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra000763.
14. Druckmann R., Druckmann M.-A. Progesterone and the immunology of pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97(5):389–396. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.08.010.
15. Czajkowski K., Sienko J., Mogilinski M. et al. Uteroplacental circulation in early pregnancy complicated by threatened abortion supplemented with vaginal micronized progesterone or oral dydrogesterone. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(3):613–618. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1506.
16. Schwartz N., Xiangying Xue, Elovitz M.A. et al. Progesterone suppresses the fetal inflammatory response ex vivo. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(2):211.e1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.012.
17. Fanchin R., Ayoubi J.M., Olivennes F. et al. Hormonal influence on the uterine contractility during ovarian stimulation. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(Suppl 1):90–100. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_1.90.
18. Perusquia M., Jasso-Kamel J. Influence of 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced progestins on the contractility of isolated human myometrium at term. J Life Sci. 2001;68(26):2933–2944. DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205 (01) 01089-x.
19. Lovely L.P., Fazleabas A.T., Fritz M.A. et al. Prevention of endometrial apoptosis: randomized prospective comparison of human chorionic gonadotropin versus progesterone treatment in the luteal phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(4):2351–2356. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2130.
20. Iams J.D., Romero R., Culhane J.F., Goldenberg R.L.. Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):164–175. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (08) 60108-7.
21. Vondra S., Kunihs V., Eberhart T. et al. Metabolism of cholesterol and progesterone is differentially regulated in primary trophoblastic subtypes and might be disturbed in recurrent miscarriages. J Lip Res. 2019;60(11):1922–1934. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.P093427.
22. Verhaegen J., Gallos I.D., van Mello N.M. et al. Accuracy of single progesterone test to predict early pregnancy outcome in women with pain or bleeding: meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;345: e6077. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e6077.
23. Coomarasamy A., Truchanowicz E.G. Does first trimester progesterone prophylaxis increase the live birth rate in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages? BMJ. 2011;342:d1914. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d1914.
24. Coomarasamy A., Williams H., Truchanowicz E. PROMISE: first-trimester progesterone therapy in women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriages — a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre trial and economic evaluation. Randomized Controlled Trial. 2016;20(41):1–92. DOI: 10.3310/hta20410.
25. Mohammed A., Woad K.J, Mann G.E. et al. Evaluation of progestogen supplementation for luteal phase support in fresh in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2019;112(3):491–502.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.04.021.
26. Stephenson M.D., McQueen D., Winter M., Kliman H.J. Luteal start vaginal micronized progesterone improves pregnancy success in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 2017;107(3):684–690.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.11.029.
27. De Rycke M., Goossens V., Kokkali G. ESHRE PGD Consortium data collection XIV–XV: cycles from January 2011 to December 2012 with pregnancy follow-up to October 2013. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(10):1974–1994. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex265.
28. Recurrent pregnancy loss: Guidelines of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embriology (ESHRE). 2017.
29. McQueen D.B., Bernardi L.A., Stephenson M.D. Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss and/or fetal demise. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(4):1026–1030. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.031.
30. Coomarasamy A., Devall A.J., Brosens J.J. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: a critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.006.
31. Zaqout M., Aslem E., Abuqamar M. et al. The Impact of Oral Intake of Dydrogesterone on Fetal Heart Development During Early Pregnancy. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36(7):1483–1488. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1190-9.
32. Zaqout M., Aslem E., Abuqamar M. et al. Association between oral intake of dydrogesterone during early pregnancy and congenital heart disease: a case-control study. The Lancet. 390: S8. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (17) 32059-7.
33. Koren G., Gilboa D., Katz R. Expression of concern to: fetal safety of dydrogesterone exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy. Clin Drug Investig. 2020;40(7):681. DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00884-4.
34. Guideline of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (Electronic resource). URL: https://www.eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Ovarian-Stimulation-in-IVF-ICSI (access date: 12.08.2020).
35. Coomarasamy A., Devall A.J, Brosens J.J., Di Renzo G.K. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: a critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.006.
36. Dodd J.M., Jones L., Flenady V. et al. Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7: CD004947. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004947.pub3.
37. Maher M.A., Abdelaziz A., Ellaithy M., Bazeed M.F. Prevention of preterm birth: a randomized trial of vaginal compared with intramuscular progesterone. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013;92(2):215–222. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12017.
38. Blackwell S.C., Gyamfi-Bannerman C., Biggio J.R. Jr et al. 17-OHPC to Prevent Recurrent Preterm Birth in Singleton Gestations (PROLONG Study): A Multicenter, International, Randomized Double-Blind Trial. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(2):127–136. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400227.
39. Fried I., Beam A.L., Kohane I.S., Palmer N.P. Utilization, Cost, and Outcome of Branded vs Compounded 17-Alpha Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate in Prevention of Preterm Birth. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(11):1689–1690. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5017.
40. Rebarber A., Istwan N.B., Russo-Stieglitz K. et al. Increased incidence of gestational diabetes in women receiving prophylactic 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm delivery. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2277–2280. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0564.
41. Nelson D.B., McIntire D.D., McDonald J. et al. 17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not reduce the rate of recurrent preterm birth in a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):600.e1–e600.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.025.
42. Cuppett C.D., Yang Zhao, Caritis S. et al. Effect of endogenous steroid hormones on 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(1):86.e1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.09.021.
43. Goya M., Pratcorona L., Merced С. et al. Cervical pessary in pregnant women with a short cervix (PECEP): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9828):1800–1806. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (12) 60030-0.
44. Saccone G., Maruotti G.M., Giudicepietro A. et al. Effect of Cervical Pessary on Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women With Singleton Pregnancies and Short Cervical Length: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(23):2317–2324. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.18956.
45. Di Renzo G.C., Cabero Roura L., Facchinetti F. et al. Preterm Labor and Birth Management: Recommendations from the European Association of Perinatal Medicine. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(17):2011–2030. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1323860.
46. Jarde A., Lutsiv O., Beyene J., McDonald S.D. Vaginal progesterone, oral progesterone, 17-OHPC, cerclage, and pessary for preventing preterm birth in at-risk singleton pregnancies: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJOG. 2019;126(5):556–567. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15566.
47. Romero R., Conde‐Agudelo A., El‐Refaie W. et al. Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality in women with a twin gestation and a short cervix: an updated meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:303–314.
48. Goya M., de la Calle M., Pratcorona L. et al. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in women with twin gestation and sonographic short cervix: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (PECEP-Twins). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):145–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.012.
49. Barinov S.V., Shamina I.V., Di Renzo G.C. et al. The role of cervical pessary and progesterone therapy in the phenomenon of placenta previa migration. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(6):913–919. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1509068.
2. Систематический обзор и метаанализ. Общие сведения. (Электронный ресурс.) URL: https://medspecial.ru/for_doctors/12/21420/ (дата обращения: 12.08.2020). [Systematic review and meta-analysis. General information. (Electronic resource.) URL: https://medspecial.ru/for_doctors/12/21420/ (access date: 12.08.2020) (in Russ.)].
3. Romero R., Conde-Agudelo A., Da Fonseca E. et al. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singletion gestation with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2):161–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.576.
4. Wahabi H.A., Fayed A.A., Esmaeil S.A., Al Zeidan R.A. Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12): CD005943. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005943.pub4.
5. Wahabi H.A., Fayed A.A., Esmaeil S.A., Bahkali K.H. Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8): CD005943. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005943.pub5.
6. Haas D.M., Hathaway T.J., Ramsey P.S. Progesteron for prevention miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10): CD003511. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub4.
7. Доброхотова Ю.Э. Угроза прерывания беременности в различные сроки гестации. М: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2016. [Dobrokhotova Yu.E. The threat of termination of pregnancy at various stages of gestation. M: GEOTAR-Media; 2016 (in Russ.)].
8. Coomarasami A., Devall A.J., Brosens J.J. et al. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: a critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.006.
9. Magnus M.C., Wilcox A.J., Morken N.-H. Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: prospective register based study. BMJ. 2019;364: l869. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l869.
10. Bhattacharya S., Townend J., Bhattacharya S. Recurrent miscarriage: Are three miscarriages one too many? Analysis of a Scottish population-based database of 151,021 pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;150(1):24–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.02.015.
11. Ogasawara М., Aoki К., Okada S., Suzumori K. Embryonic karyotype of abortuses in relation to the number of previous miscarriages. Fertil Steril. 2000;73(2):300–304. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282 (99) 00495-1.
12. Chee Wai Ku, John C. Allen Jr, Sze Min Lek et al. Serum progesterone distribution in normal pregnancies compared to pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage from 5 to 13 weeks gestation: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):360–366. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2002-z.
13. Norwitz E.R., Schust D.J., Fisher S.J. Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1400–1408. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra000763.
14. Druckmann R., Druckmann M.-A. Progesterone and the immunology of pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97(5):389–396. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.08.010.
15. Czajkowski K., Sienko J., Mogilinski M. et al. Uteroplacental circulation in early pregnancy complicated by threatened abortion supplemented with vaginal micronized progesterone or oral dydrogesterone. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(3):613–618. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1506.
16. Schwartz N., Xiangying Xue, Elovitz M.A. et al. Progesterone suppresses the fetal inflammatory response ex vivo. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(2):211.e1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.012.
17. Fanchin R., Ayoubi J.M., Olivennes F. et al. Hormonal influence on the uterine contractility during ovarian stimulation. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(Suppl 1):90–100. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.suppl_1.90.
18. Perusquia M., Jasso-Kamel J. Influence of 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced progestins on the contractility of isolated human myometrium at term. J Life Sci. 2001;68(26):2933–2944. DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205 (01) 01089-x.
19. Lovely L.P., Fazleabas A.T., Fritz M.A. et al. Prevention of endometrial apoptosis: randomized prospective comparison of human chorionic gonadotropin versus progesterone treatment in the luteal phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(4):2351–2356. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2130.
20. Iams J.D., Romero R., Culhane J.F., Goldenberg R.L.. Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):164–175. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (08) 60108-7.
21. Vondra S., Kunihs V., Eberhart T. et al. Metabolism of cholesterol and progesterone is differentially regulated in primary trophoblastic subtypes and might be disturbed in recurrent miscarriages. J Lip Res. 2019;60(11):1922–1934. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.P093427.
22. Verhaegen J., Gallos I.D., van Mello N.M. et al. Accuracy of single progesterone test to predict early pregnancy outcome in women with pain or bleeding: meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;345: e6077. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e6077.
23. Coomarasamy A., Truchanowicz E.G. Does first trimester progesterone prophylaxis increase the live birth rate in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriages? BMJ. 2011;342:d1914. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d1914.
24. Coomarasamy A., Williams H., Truchanowicz E. PROMISE: first-trimester progesterone therapy in women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriages — a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre trial and economic evaluation. Randomized Controlled Trial. 2016;20(41):1–92. DOI: 10.3310/hta20410.
25. Mohammed A., Woad K.J, Mann G.E. et al. Evaluation of progestogen supplementation for luteal phase support in fresh in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2019;112(3):491–502.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.04.021.
26. Stephenson M.D., McQueen D., Winter M., Kliman H.J. Luteal start vaginal micronized progesterone improves pregnancy success in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 2017;107(3):684–690.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.11.029.
27. De Rycke M., Goossens V., Kokkali G. ESHRE PGD Consortium data collection XIV–XV: cycles from January 2011 to December 2012 with pregnancy follow-up to October 2013. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(10):1974–1994. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex265.
28. Recurrent pregnancy loss: Guidelines of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embriology (ESHRE). 2017.
29. McQueen D.B., Bernardi L.A., Stephenson M.D. Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss and/or fetal demise. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(4):1026–1030. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.031.
30. Coomarasamy A., Devall A.J., Brosens J.J. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: a critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.006.
31. Zaqout M., Aslem E., Abuqamar M. et al. The Impact of Oral Intake of Dydrogesterone on Fetal Heart Development During Early Pregnancy. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36(7):1483–1488. DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1190-9.
32. Zaqout M., Aslem E., Abuqamar M. et al. Association between oral intake of dydrogesterone during early pregnancy and congenital heart disease: a case-control study. The Lancet. 390: S8. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (17) 32059-7.
33. Koren G., Gilboa D., Katz R. Expression of concern to: fetal safety of dydrogesterone exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy. Clin Drug Investig. 2020;40(7):681. DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00884-4.
34. Guideline of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (Electronic resource). URL: https://www.eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Ovarian-Stimulation-in-IVF-ICSI (access date: 12.08.2020).
35. Coomarasamy A., Devall A.J, Brosens J.J., Di Renzo G.K. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: a critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):167–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.006.
36. Dodd J.M., Jones L., Flenady V. et al. Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7: CD004947. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004947.pub3.
37. Maher M.A., Abdelaziz A., Ellaithy M., Bazeed M.F. Prevention of preterm birth: a randomized trial of vaginal compared with intramuscular progesterone. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013;92(2):215–222. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12017.
38. Blackwell S.C., Gyamfi-Bannerman C., Biggio J.R. Jr et al. 17-OHPC to Prevent Recurrent Preterm Birth in Singleton Gestations (PROLONG Study): A Multicenter, International, Randomized Double-Blind Trial. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(2):127–136. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400227.
39. Fried I., Beam A.L., Kohane I.S., Palmer N.P. Utilization, Cost, and Outcome of Branded vs Compounded 17-Alpha Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate in Prevention of Preterm Birth. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(11):1689–1690. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5017.
40. Rebarber A., Istwan N.B., Russo-Stieglitz K. et al. Increased incidence of gestational diabetes in women receiving prophylactic 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm delivery. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2277–2280. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0564.
41. Nelson D.B., McIntire D.D., McDonald J. et al. 17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not reduce the rate of recurrent preterm birth in a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):600.e1–e600.e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.025.
42. Cuppett C.D., Yang Zhao, Caritis S. et al. Effect of endogenous steroid hormones on 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(1):86.e1–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.09.021.
43. Goya M., Pratcorona L., Merced С. et al. Cervical pessary in pregnant women with a short cervix (PECEP): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9828):1800–1806. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (12) 60030-0.
44. Saccone G., Maruotti G.M., Giudicepietro A. et al. Effect of Cervical Pessary on Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women With Singleton Pregnancies and Short Cervical Length: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(23):2317–2324. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.18956.
45. Di Renzo G.C., Cabero Roura L., Facchinetti F. et al. Preterm Labor and Birth Management: Recommendations from the European Association of Perinatal Medicine. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(17):2011–2030. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1323860.
46. Jarde A., Lutsiv O., Beyene J., McDonald S.D. Vaginal progesterone, oral progesterone, 17-OHPC, cerclage, and pessary for preventing preterm birth in at-risk singleton pregnancies: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJOG. 2019;126(5):556–567. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15566.
47. Romero R., Conde‐Agudelo A., El‐Refaie W. et al. Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality in women with a twin gestation and a short cervix: an updated meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:303–314.
48. Goya M., de la Calle M., Pratcorona L. et al. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in women with twin gestation and sonographic short cervix: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (PECEP-Twins). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):145–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.012.
49. Barinov S.V., Shamina I.V., Di Renzo G.C. et al. The role of cervical pessary and progesterone therapy in the phenomenon of placenta previa migration. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(6):913–919. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1509068.
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