Celiac disease: focus on risk factors (literature review)
DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2026-10-5-6
Celiac disease: focus on risk factors (literature review)
А.Yu. Efremova, I.G. Bakulin, B.I. Aslanov, E.A. Semenova
North Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease whose manifestation requires a combined action of genetic and various environmental factors in individuals with genetic predisposition. The paper reviews main exogenous and endogenous factors involved in development of celiac disease.
A family history of celiac disease increases its risk several times over (odd ratio, OR=2.9; 95% CI: 2.19-3.87) as does the presence of another autoimmune disease (by 2.6-5 times), especially type 1 diabetes (OR=5; 95% CI: 4.4–5.6), autoimmune thyroiditis (OR=3.5; 95% CI: 2.5-4.8), autoimmune liver diseases (by 3–6 times), inflammatory bowel diseases (OR=3.96; 95% CI: 2.23-7.02) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.19–1.79).
Antibiotic therapy (OR=1.90; 95% CI: 1.72-2.10), proton pump inhibitors (OR=4.79; 95% CI: 4.17-5.51), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and a history of intestinal infections (OR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12-1.55) (especially those caused by rotavirus (for one infection, OR=1.94; 95% CI: 0.39-9.56; for two or more infections, OR=3.76; 95% CI: 0.76-18.7)) may be considered as risk factors for celiac disease.
The influence of a feeding type in infancy and childhood on the risk of celiac disease is being actively studied. Although the timing of gluten introduction into the diet does not appear to affect the risk of celiac disease, high gluten intake is associated with a higher risk of the disease.
Identification and determination of significance of factors influencing development of celiac disease remains a pressing issue whose solution requires further studies.
Keywords: celiac disease, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic predisposition, autoimmune diseases, antibacterial drugs.
For citation: Efremova А.Yu., Bakulin I.G., Aslanov B.I., Semenova E.A. Celiac disease: focus on risk factors (literature review). Russian Medical Inquiry. 2026;10(5):–308 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2026-10-5-6
About the authors:
Anastasia Yu. Efremova — 2nd Year Postgraduate Student of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov; 41, Kirochnaya str., St. Petersburg, 191015, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0009-0009-5991-3086
Igor G. Bakulin — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology, and Dietetics named after S.M. Ryss, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov; 41, Kirochnaya str., St. Petersburg, 191015, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0002-6151-2021
Batyrbek I. Aslanov — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov; 41, Kirochnaya str., St. Petersburg, 191015, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0002-6890-8096
Elena A. Semenova — C. Sc. (Med.), Assistant Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics named after S.M. Ryss, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov; 41, Kirochnaya str., St. Petersburg, 191015, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0001-7606-2556
Contact information: Anastasia Yu. Efremova, e-mail: efremowa.nastia17@yandex.ru
Financial Disclosure: no authors have a financial or property interest in any material or method mentioned.
There is no conflict of interest.
Received 19.03.2026.
Revised 13.04.2026.
Accepted 07.05.2026.
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