Changes in body composition: the role of interleukins and adipokines (literature review)
DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2025-9-10-5
R.R. Gizatullina1, E.M. Gafuryanova1, D.G. Zhamankulova2, A.V. Tyurin1
1Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
2M. Ospanov West Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
This comprehensive review presents a detailed analysis of the roles played by various interleukins (IL), specifically IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-22, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-1β, alongside a suite of adipokines — including leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, resistin, visfatin, nesfatin-1, and resolving — in regulating body composition. The focus is placed on the molecular mechanisms that dictate the dynamic equilibrium between adipose, muscle, and bone tissues, which is fundamental to understanding the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances affecting these tissues. The analysis critically highlights the following dichotomy in action: anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) predominantly exert an anabolic effect, promoting gains in muscle mass and bone mineral density while simultaneously suppressing adipogenesis, whereas, in sharp contrast, pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-\alpha, IL-1\beta) primarily activate catabolic pathways, culminating in the development of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and visceral obesity. Furthermore, adiponectin and nesfatin-1 contribute to the normalization of the body composition profile, while leptin and resistin are implicated in its disruption. It is crucial to note that the effects of both interleukins and adipokines are variable and contingent upon a multitude of influencing factors. These accumulated data underscore the critical importance of cytokine regulation in maintaining tissue homeostasis. They simultaneously open novel avenues for developing individual treatment tactics aimed at correcting metabolic disorders linked to altered body composition. These findings are highly relevant for designing new therapeutic approaches for obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis, where a deeper grasp of cytokine regulatory mechanisms promises more effective treatments. The research specifically aims to analyze available literature concerning the impact of adipokines and interleukins on changes in body composition.
Keywords: interleukins, adipokines, body composition, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia.
For citation: Gizatullina R.R., Gafuryanova E.M., Zhamankulova D.G., Tyurin A.V. Changes in body composition: the role of interleukins and adipokines (literature review). Russian Medical Inquiry. 2025;9(10):726–734 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2025-9-10-5
About the authors:
Regina R. Gizatullina — Assistant Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Bashkir State Medical University; 3, Lenin str., Ufa, 450008, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0003-1849-0469
Elmira M. Gafuryanova — Assistant Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Bashkir State Medical University; 3, Lenin str., Ufa, 450008, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0003-0344-3024
Damira G. Zhamankulova — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine, M. Ospanov West Kazakhstan Medical University; 68, Mareseva str., Aktobe, 030019, Kazakhstan; ORCID iD 0000-0001-6943-0664
Anton V. Tyurin — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Bashkir State Medical University; 3, Lenin str., Ufa, 450008, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0002-0841-3024
Contact information: Regina R. Gizatullina, e-mail: rina-sharipova@mail.ru
Financial Disclosure: the research was supported by the RSF grant No. 24-25-00255.
There is no conflict of interest.
Received 09.04.2025.
Revised 06.05.2025.
Accepted 02.06.2025.
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