Diagnostics of glaucoma before clinical manifestations
DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-3-152-158
Diagnostics of glaucoma before clinical manifestations
N.E. Fomin1,2, A.V. Kuroyedov1,2
1P.V. Mandryka Military Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
The aim of current diagnostics of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is to detect clinical manifestations of the disease. However, a set of preclinical diagnostic techniques to discover POAG predictors before typical signs occur are more promising. Among these methods is DNA testing, e.g., the identification of genetic mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondria are the major producer of cellular energy). Evaluation of biochemical markers in body fluids (i.e., aqueous humor, blood, tears) may provide insight into the course of POAG but also early detection of glaucoma risk factors. Instrumental tests are of particular importance as they help assess morphological and functional changes in various ocular tissues. “General” instrumental tests are Doppler sonography of the head and neck, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurement. “Topical” instrumental tests are retinal vascular assessment, identification of apoptotic cells, and electroretinography. Detailed evaluation of ganglion cells and verification of their changes are one the promising area. This will help reach a new level of POAG diagnostics, prevent advanced disease, and significantly improve the quality of life.
Keywords: glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, diagnostics of glaucoma, preclini cal diagnostics, intraocular pressure, markers, apoptosis.
For citation: Fomin N.E., Kuroyedov A.V. Diagnostics of glaucoma before clinical manifestations. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(3):152–158. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-3-152-158.
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2. Weinreb R., Aung T., Medeiros F. The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma: A Review. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1901–1911. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.3192.
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4. Egorov E.A., Alekseev V.N., Gazizova I.R., Martynova E.B. Mitochondrial morphological changes of trabecular cells in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2016;3:137–139 (in Russ.).
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15. Petrov S.Yu., Fokina N.D., Sherstneva L.V. et al. Etiology of primary glaucoma: modern theories and research. Oftalmologicheskie vedomosti. 2015;8(2):47–53 (in Russ.).
16. Bakalash S., Kipnis J., Yoles E., Schwartz M. Resistance of retinal ganglion cells to an increase in intraocular pressure is immune-dependent. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(8):2648–5263.
17. Schwartz M. Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in glaucoma: development of a therapeutic neuroprotective vaccine: the Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(4):14071411. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-0594.
18. Ogorodnikova V. Yu., Egorov E.A., Egorov A.E. et al. Changes of anterior eye segment in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Prakticheskaya meditsina. 2012;4(59):226–229 (in Russ.).
19. Kurysheva N.I. The role of optical coherence tomography with the function of angiography in the early diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma. Natsionalniy zhurnal glaukoma. 2016;15(4):20–31 (in Russ.).
20. Agarkova D.I., Ovchinnikov V.A., Kozhevnikova A.I. et al. The role of compression of the main vessels of the neck with nodules of the thyroid gland in changes in the hydrodynamics of the eye. Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine. 2015;7(4):154–157 (in Russ.).
21. Wang M.Y., Wu K., Xu J.M. et al. Quantitative 3-T diffusion tensor imaging in detecting optic nerve degeneration in patients with glaucoma: association with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and clinical severity. Neuroradiology. 2013;55(4):493–498. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-013-1133-1.
22. Garaci F.G., Bolacchi F., Cerulli A. et al. Optic nerve and optic radiation neurodegeneration in patients with glaucoma: in vivo analysis with 3-T diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology. 2009;252(2):496–501. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2522081240.
23. Michelson G., Engelhorn T., Warntges S. et al. DTI parameters of axonal integrity and demyelination of the optic radiation correlate with glaucoma indices. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2012;251(1):243–253. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1887-2.
24. Erichev V.P., Panyushkina L.A., Novikov I.A. et al. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of visual pathway neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Vestnik oftalmologii. 2015;131(2):59–63 (in Russ.)]. DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131259-63.
25. Jiahua F., Fagang J., Jingbo L. et al. Rationale for the use of multifunctional drugs as neuroprotective agents for glaucoma. Neural Regenerat Res. 2012;(4):313–318. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.04.013.
26. Volkov V.V. Pseudo-normal glaucoma. M.: Meditsina; 2001 (in Russ.).
27. Gabriele M.L., Wollstein G., Ishikawa H. et al. Three dimensional optical coherence tomography imaging: advantages and advances. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(6):556–579. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.05.005.
28. Jia Y., Wei E., Wang X. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(7):1322–1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.021.
29. Jia Y., Tan O., Tokayer J. et al. Split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography. Opt Express. 2012;20(4):4710–4725. DOI: 10.1364/OE.20.004710.
30. Savastano M.C., Lumbroso B., Rispoli M. In vivo characterization of retinal vascularization morphology using optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2015;35(11):2196–2203. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000635.
31. Kurysheva N.I., Maslova E.V., Trubilina A.V. et al. OCT angiography and color Doppler mapping in the study of hemoperfusion of the retina and optic nerve in glaucoma. Oftalmologiya. 2016;13(2):102–110 (in Russ.).
32. Leite M.T., Zangwill L.M., Weinreb R.N. et al. Structure-function relationships using the Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence tomograph and standard automated perimetry. J. Glaucoma. 2012;21(1):49–54. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31822af27a.
33. Rao H.L., Babu J.G., Addepalli U.K. et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular inner retina measurements by spectral domain optical coherence tomograph in Indian eyes with early glaucoma. Eye. 2012;26(1):133–139. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.277.
34. Park S.C., De Moraes C.G., Teng C.C. et al. Initial parafoveal versus peripheral scotomas in glaucoma: risk factors and visual field characteristics. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(9):1782–1789. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.02.013.
35. Kurysheva N.I. Perimetry in the diagnosis of glaucoma optic neuropathy. M.: Greenlight; 2015 (in Russ.).
36. Spaide R.F., Klancnik J.M., Cooney M.J. Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluoresce in angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(1):45–50. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616.
37. Wang X., Jiang C., Ko T. et al. Correlation between optic disc perfusion and glaucomatous severity in patients with open-angle glaucoma: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(9):1557–1564. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3095-y.
38. Liu L., Jia Y., Takusagawa H.L. et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of the Peripapillary Retina in Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(9):1045–1052. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2225.
39. Yarmohammadi A., Zangwill L.M., Diniz-Filho A. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density in healthy, glaucoma suspect, and glaucoma eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(9):451–459. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18944.
40. Suh M.H., Zangwill L.M., Manalastas P.I. et al. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Vessel Density in Glaucomatous Eyes with Focal Lamina Cribrosa Defects. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2309–2317. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.023.
41. Scripsema N.K., Garcia P.M., Bavier R.D. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of perfused peripapillary capillaries in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(9):611–620. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18945.
42. Kurysheva N.I. Eye hemoperfusion and glaucoma. 2014 (in Russ.).
43. Bojikian K.D., Chen C.-L., Wen J.C. et al. Optic disc perfusion in primary open angle and normal tension glaucoma eyes using optical coherence tomography-based microangiography. PLoS One. 2016;11(5): e0154691. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154691.
44. Chen C.L., Bojikian K.D., Wen J.C. et al. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer vascular microcirculation in eyes with glaucoma and single-hemifield visual field loss. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(5):461–468. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0261.
45. Jia Y., Morrison J.C., Tokayer J. et al. Quantitative OCT angiography of optic nerve head blood flow. Opt Express. 2012;3(12):3127–3137. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.3.003127.
46. Cordeiro M.F., Normando E.M., Cardoso M.J. et al. Real-time imaging of single neuronal cell apoptosis in patients with glaucoma. Brain. 2017;140(6):1757–1767. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx088.
47. Modat M., Cash D.M., Daga P. et al. Global image registration using a symmetric block-matching approach. J Med Imaging. 2014;1(2):024003. DOI: 10.1117/1.JMI.1.2.024003.
48. Bennett T.J., Barry C.J. Ophthalmic imaging today: an ophthalmic photographer’s viewpoint a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;37(1):2–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01812.
49. Zueva M.V., Tsapenko I.V., Rezvykh S.V. Electrophysiology in early diagnostics of glaucoma. (Electronic resource). URL: http://www.stormoff.ru/ articles_565_40.html. Access date 13.06.2020 (in Russ.).
50. Parisi V. Clinical ability of pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials in detecting visual dysfunction in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(2):216–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.044.
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