Duloxetine for chronic pain
DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-10-687-693
E.V. Ekusheva1,2
1Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of the
Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
2Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russian Federation
Chronic pain is still a critical medical issue in modern society that results in severe deadaptation and reduces the quality of life in 15–40% of people in developed countries. Neuropathic pain is an essential issue characterized by recurrent course and the presence of comorbidities, e.g., depression. Duloxetine is particularly important among drugs with established efficacy prescribed for neuropathic pain. This agent significantly affects serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems and significant pathogenic mechanisms of the development of chronic pain, i.e., processes of disinhibition, thereby increasing the functional activity of the descending system of pain inhibition. The analgesic effect of duloxetine occurs much earlier and is independent of its antidepressant effect. Duloxetine is prescribed for many conditions that are often challenging for practitioners and associated with chronic pain. In addition, duloxetine has a significant effect on como rbid anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders.
Keywords: chronic pain, neuropathic pain, chronic pain syndrome, duloxetine.
For citation: Ekusheva E.V. Duloxetine for chronic pain. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(10):687–693 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-10-687-693.
About the author:
Evgeniya V. Ekusheva — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurorehabilitation of the Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russian Federation, 91, Volokolamskoe road, Moscow, 125371, Russian Federation; leading researcher of the laboratory "Issues of Aging", Belgorod State National Research University, 85, Pobedy str., Belgorod, 308015, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0002-3638-6094.
Contact information: Evgeniya V. Ekusheva, e-mail: ekushevaev@mail.ru.
Financial Disclosure: the author has no financial or property interest in any material or method mentioned.
There is no conflict of interests.
Received 05.07.2021.
Revised 28.07.2021.
Accepted 20.08.2021.
References
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5. Hochberg M.C. Mortality in osteoarthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2008;26(5):120–124.
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11. Екушева Е.В. Коморбидный пациент с хроническим болевым синдромом. РМЖ. 2019;9:44–48.[Ekusheva E.V. Comorbid patient with chronic pain syndrome. RMJ. 2019;9:44–48. (In Russ.)].
12. Schwenkreis P., Scherens A., Rönnau A.K. et al. Cortical disinhibition occurs in chronic neuropathic, but not in chronic nociceptive pain. BMC Neuroscience. 2010;11:73. DOI::10.1186/1471–2202–11–73.
13. Bymaster F.F.P., Dresheld-Ahmad L.J., Threlkeld P.G. et al. Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25(6):871–880. DOI: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00298-6.
14. Russell J.M., Weisberg R., Fava M. et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in patients with clinically significant pain symptoms. Depression and Anxiety. 2008;25:E1–E11. DOI: 10.1002/da.20337.
15. Perahia D.G., Pritchett Y.L., Desaiah D., Raskin J. Efficacy of duloxetine in painful symptoms: an analgesic or antidepressant effect? International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;21(6):311–317. DOI: 10.1097/01.yic.0000224782.83287.3c.
16. Tamano R., Ishida M., Asaki T. et al. Effect of spinal monoaminergic neuronal system dysfunction on pain threshold in rats, and the analgesic effect of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Neuroscience Letters. 2016;615:78–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.025.
17. Rovera C., Mauri M.C., Bertin E. et al. Duloxetine in elderly major depression disorder: effectiveness and drug plasma level evaluation. Hum Psychopharmacology. 2016;31(5):349–355. DOI: 10.1002/hup.2544.
18. Wang Z.Y., Shi S.Y., Li S.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine on osteoarthritis knee pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Medicine. 2015;16(7):1373–1385. DOI: 10.1111/pme.12800.
19. Pergolizzi J.V. Raffa R.B., Taylor R. et al. A review of duloxetine 60 mg once-daily dosing for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain due to chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Pain Practice. 2013;13(3):239–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00578.x.
20. Weng C., Xu J., Wang Q. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in osteoarthritis or chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020;28(6):721–734. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.03.001.
21. Alev L., Fujikoshi S., Yoshikawa A. et al. Duloxetine 60 mg for chronic low back pain: post hoc responder analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J of Pain Research. 2017;10:1723–1731. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S138297.
22. Tsuji T., Itoh N., Ishida M. et al. Response to duloxetine in chronic low back pain: exploratory post hoc analysis of a Japanese Phase III randomized study. J of Pain Research. 2017;10:2157–2168. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S138172.
23. Enomoto H., Fujikoshi S., Funai J. et al. Assessment of direct analgesic effect of duloxetine for chronic low back pain: post hoc path analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. J of Pain Research. 2017;10:1357–1368. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S133396.
24. Lunn M.P.T., Hughes R.A.C., Wiffen P.J. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibramyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;1:CD007115.pub3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3.
25. Enomoto H., Yasuda H., Nishiyori A. et al. Duloxetine in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in Japan: a randomized, double blind, noninferiority comparative study with pregabalin. J of Pain Researche. 2018;11:1857–1868. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S170646.
26. Hossain S.M., Hussain S.M., Ekram A.R. Duloxetine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review. The Clinical J of Pain. 2016;32(11):1005–1010. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000343.
27. Happich M., Schneider E., Boess F.G. et al. Effectiveness of duloxetine compared with pregabalin and gabapentin in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: results from a German observational study. The Clinical J of Pain. 2014;30(10):875–85. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000057.
28. Raskin J., Pritchett Y.L., Wang F.A. Double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain Medicine. 2005;6(5):346–356. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00061.x.
29. Attia J.Z., Mansour H.S. Perioperative duloxetine and etoricoxibto improve postoperative pain after lumbar laminectomy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. BMC Anesthesiology. 2017;17(1):162. DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0450-z.
30. Artemenko A. R., Kurenkov A.L., Nikitin S.S., Filatova E. G., Duloxetine in the treatment of chronic migraine. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S. S. Korsakova. 2010;110(1):49–54.
31. Koh I.J., Kim M.S., Sohn S. et al. Duloxetine reduces pain and improves quality of recovery following total knee arthroplasty in centrally sensitized patients: a prospective, randomized controlled study. The J of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2019;101(1):64–73. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.18.00347.
32. Farshchian N, Alavi A, Heydarheydari S et al. Comparative study of the effects of venlafaxine and duloxetine on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology. 2018;82(5):787–793. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3664-y.
33. Radovanoviс M., Pisljar M., Barbic-Zagar B. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Viceversa. 2017;63:60–72.
34. Chou R., Deyo R., Friedly J. et al. Systemic pharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an american college of physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals Internal Medicine. 2017. http://annals.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/aim/0/on 02/14/2017.
35. Qaseem A., Wilt T.J., McLean R.M., Forciea M.A. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017;166(7):514–530. DOI: 10.7326/M16-2367.
36. Enomoto H., Fujikoshi S., Tsuji T. et al. Efficacy of duloxetine by prior NSAID use in the treatment of chronic osteoarthritis knee pain: A post hoc subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study in Japan. J of Orthopaedic Science. 2018;23:1019–1026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2018.07.008.
37. Williamson O.D., Schroer M., Ru D.D., et al. Onset of response with duloxetine treatment in patients with osteoarthritis knee pain and chronic low back pain: a post hoc analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clinical Therapeutics. 2014;36(4):544–551. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.02.009.
38. Uchio Y., Enomoto H., Alev L. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III trial of duloxetine in Japanese patientswith knee pain due to osteoarthritis. J of Pain Research. 2018;11:809–821. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S164128.
39. Bruyère O., Honvo G., Veronese N. et al. An updated algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2019;49(3):337–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.04.008.
40. Государственный Реестр Лекарственных средств (Электронный ресурс). URL: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx (дата обращения: 09.10.2021).[State Register of Medicines. (Electronic Resource). URL: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx (access date: 09.10.2021). (In Russ.)].
41. Ananias J., Irarrаzaval S. Is duloxetine an alternative in the treatment of osteoarthritis? Medwave. 2017;17(8):e7063. DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2017.08.7063.
42. Frampton J.E., Plosker G.L. Duloxetine: a review of its use in the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(7):581–609. DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200721070-00004.
43. Wernicke J., Lledо A., Raskin J. et al. An evaluation of the cardiovascular safety profile of duloxetine: findings from 42 placebo-controlled studies. Drug Safety. 2007;30(5):437–55. DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200730050-00007.
44. Goldstein DJ. Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2007;3(2):193–209. DOI: 10.2147/nedt.2007.3.2.193.
45. Konno S, Oda N, Ochiai T, Alev L. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of duloxetine monotherapy in Japanese patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(22):1709–1717. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001707.
46. Skljarevski V., Zhang S., Desaiah D. et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in patients with chronic low back pain: a 12-week, fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind trial. The J of Pain. 2010;11:1282–1290. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.002.
47. Skljarevski V., Desaiah D., Liu-Seifert H. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:E578–585. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d3cef6.
48. Mazza M., Mazza O., Pazzaglia C. et al. Escitalopram 20 mg versus duloxetine 60 mg for the treatment of chronic low back pain. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2010;11(7):1042–1052. DOI: 10.1517/14656561003730413.
49. Schukro R.P., Oehmke M.J., Geroldinger A. et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Anesthesiology. 2016;4:150–158. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000902.
2. McBeth J., Silman A.J., Macfarlane G.J. Association of widespread body pain with an increased risk of cancer and reduced cancer survival: a prospective, population-based study. Arthritis Rheumatism. 2003;48(6):1686–1692. DOI: 10.1002/art.10973.
3. McBeth J., Symmons D.P., Silman A.J. et al. Musculoskeletal pain is associated with a long-term increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular-related mortality. Rheumatology. 2009;48(1):74–77. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken424.
4. Andersson H.I. The course of non-malignant chronic pain: a 12-year follow-up of a cohort from the general population. Europ J of Pain. 2004;8(1):47–53. DOI: 10.1016/S1090-3801(03)00064-8.
5. Hochberg M.C. Mortality in osteoarthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2008;26(5):120–124.
6. Torrance N., Elliott A.M., Lee A.J., Smith B. H. Severe chronic pain is associated with increased 10year mortality. A cohort record linkage study. Europ J of Pain. 2010;14(4):380–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.07.006.
7. Treede R.D., Jensen T.S., Campbell G.N. et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology. 2008;70(8):1630–1635. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59.
8. Van Hecke O., Austin S.K., Khan R.A. et al. Neuropathic pain in the general population: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pain. 2014;155(4):654–662. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.11.013.
9. Dworkin R.H., O’Connor A.B., Backonja M. et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007;132(3):237–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033.
10. Zilliox L.A. Neuropathic pain. Continuum. 2017;23(2):512–532. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000462.
11. Екушева Е.В. Коморбидный пациент с хроническим болевым синдромом. РМЖ. 2019;9:44–48.[Ekusheva E.V. Comorbid patient with chronic pain syndrome. RMJ. 2019;9:44–48. (In Russ.)].
12. Schwenkreis P., Scherens A., Rönnau A.K. et al. Cortical disinhibition occurs in chronic neuropathic, but not in chronic nociceptive pain. BMC Neuroscience. 2010;11:73. DOI::10.1186/1471–2202–11–73.
13. Bymaster F.F.P., Dresheld-Ahmad L.J., Threlkeld P.G. et al. Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25(6):871–880. DOI: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00298-6.
14. Russell J.M., Weisberg R., Fava M. et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in patients with clinically significant pain symptoms. Depression and Anxiety. 2008;25:E1–E11. DOI: 10.1002/da.20337.
15. Perahia D.G., Pritchett Y.L., Desaiah D., Raskin J. Efficacy of duloxetine in painful symptoms: an analgesic or antidepressant effect? International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;21(6):311–317. DOI: 10.1097/01.yic.0000224782.83287.3c.
16. Tamano R., Ishida M., Asaki T. et al. Effect of spinal monoaminergic neuronal system dysfunction on pain threshold in rats, and the analgesic effect of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Neuroscience Letters. 2016;615:78–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.025.
17. Rovera C., Mauri M.C., Bertin E. et al. Duloxetine in elderly major depression disorder: effectiveness and drug plasma level evaluation. Hum Psychopharmacology. 2016;31(5):349–355. DOI: 10.1002/hup.2544.
18. Wang Z.Y., Shi S.Y., Li S.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine on osteoarthritis knee pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Medicine. 2015;16(7):1373–1385. DOI: 10.1111/pme.12800.
19. Pergolizzi J.V. Raffa R.B., Taylor R. et al. A review of duloxetine 60 mg once-daily dosing for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain due to chronic osteoarthritis pain and low back pain. Pain Practice. 2013;13(3):239–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00578.x.
20. Weng C., Xu J., Wang Q. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in osteoarthritis or chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020;28(6):721–734. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.03.001.
21. Alev L., Fujikoshi S., Yoshikawa A. et al. Duloxetine 60 mg for chronic low back pain: post hoc responder analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J of Pain Research. 2017;10:1723–1731. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S138297.
22. Tsuji T., Itoh N., Ishida M. et al. Response to duloxetine in chronic low back pain: exploratory post hoc analysis of a Japanese Phase III randomized study. J of Pain Research. 2017;10:2157–2168. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S138172.
23. Enomoto H., Fujikoshi S., Funai J. et al. Assessment of direct analgesic effect of duloxetine for chronic low back pain: post hoc path analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. J of Pain Research. 2017;10:1357–1368. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S133396.
24. Lunn M.P.T., Hughes R.A.C., Wiffen P.J. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibramyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;1:CD007115.pub3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3.
25. Enomoto H., Yasuda H., Nishiyori A. et al. Duloxetine in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in Japan: a randomized, double blind, noninferiority comparative study with pregabalin. J of Pain Researche. 2018;11:1857–1868. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S170646.
26. Hossain S.M., Hussain S.M., Ekram A.R. Duloxetine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review. The Clinical J of Pain. 2016;32(11):1005–1010. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000343.
27. Happich M., Schneider E., Boess F.G. et al. Effectiveness of duloxetine compared with pregabalin and gabapentin in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: results from a German observational study. The Clinical J of Pain. 2014;30(10):875–85. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000057.
28. Raskin J., Pritchett Y.L., Wang F.A. Double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain Medicine. 2005;6(5):346–356. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00061.x.
29. Attia J.Z., Mansour H.S. Perioperative duloxetine and etoricoxibto improve postoperative pain after lumbar laminectomy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. BMC Anesthesiology. 2017;17(1):162. DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0450-z.
30. Artemenko A. R., Kurenkov A.L., Nikitin S.S., Filatova E. G., Duloxetine in the treatment of chronic migraine. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S. S. Korsakova. 2010;110(1):49–54.
31. Koh I.J., Kim M.S., Sohn S. et al. Duloxetine reduces pain and improves quality of recovery following total knee arthroplasty in centrally sensitized patients: a prospective, randomized controlled study. The J of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2019;101(1):64–73. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.18.00347.
32. Farshchian N, Alavi A, Heydarheydari S et al. Comparative study of the effects of venlafaxine and duloxetine on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology. 2018;82(5):787–793. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3664-y.
33. Radovanoviс M., Pisljar M., Barbic-Zagar B. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Viceversa. 2017;63:60–72.
34. Chou R., Deyo R., Friedly J. et al. Systemic pharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an american college of physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals Internal Medicine. 2017. http://annals.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/aim/0/on 02/14/2017.
35. Qaseem A., Wilt T.J., McLean R.M., Forciea M.A. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017;166(7):514–530. DOI: 10.7326/M16-2367.
36. Enomoto H., Fujikoshi S., Tsuji T. et al. Efficacy of duloxetine by prior NSAID use in the treatment of chronic osteoarthritis knee pain: A post hoc subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study in Japan. J of Orthopaedic Science. 2018;23:1019–1026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2018.07.008.
37. Williamson O.D., Schroer M., Ru D.D., et al. Onset of response with duloxetine treatment in patients with osteoarthritis knee pain and chronic low back pain: a post hoc analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clinical Therapeutics. 2014;36(4):544–551. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.02.009.
38. Uchio Y., Enomoto H., Alev L. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III trial of duloxetine in Japanese patientswith knee pain due to osteoarthritis. J of Pain Research. 2018;11:809–821. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S164128.
39. Bruyère O., Honvo G., Veronese N. et al. An updated algorithm recommendation for the management of knee osteoarthritis from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO). Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2019;49(3):337–350. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.04.008.
40. Государственный Реестр Лекарственных средств (Электронный ресурс). URL: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx (дата обращения: 09.10.2021).[State Register of Medicines. (Electronic Resource). URL: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/grls.aspx (access date: 09.10.2021). (In Russ.)].
41. Ananias J., Irarrаzaval S. Is duloxetine an alternative in the treatment of osteoarthritis? Medwave. 2017;17(8):e7063. DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2017.08.7063.
42. Frampton J.E., Plosker G.L. Duloxetine: a review of its use in the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(7):581–609. DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200721070-00004.
43. Wernicke J., Lledо A., Raskin J. et al. An evaluation of the cardiovascular safety profile of duloxetine: findings from 42 placebo-controlled studies. Drug Safety. 2007;30(5):437–55. DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200730050-00007.
44. Goldstein DJ. Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2007;3(2):193–209. DOI: 10.2147/nedt.2007.3.2.193.
45. Konno S, Oda N, Ochiai T, Alev L. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of duloxetine monotherapy in Japanese patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(22):1709–1717. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001707.
46. Skljarevski V., Zhang S., Desaiah D. et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in patients with chronic low back pain: a 12-week, fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind trial. The J of Pain. 2010;11:1282–1290. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.002.
47. Skljarevski V., Desaiah D., Liu-Seifert H. et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:E578–585. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d3cef6.
48. Mazza M., Mazza O., Pazzaglia C. et al. Escitalopram 20 mg versus duloxetine 60 mg for the treatment of chronic low back pain. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2010;11(7):1042–1052. DOI: 10.1517/14656561003730413.
49. Schukro R.P., Oehmke M.J., Geroldinger A. et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Anesthesiology. 2016;4:150–158. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000902.
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