SARS-CоV-2: what allowed the virus to cause a long-term pandemic?
DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-11-7
D.V. Pechkurov1, A.A. Romanova1, O.A. Savvateeva2, A.A. Tyazheva1, A.V. Gorelov3,4
1Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russian Federation
2I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
3Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow, Russian Federation
4A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
The ended COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the infection and death of millions of people. According to the WHO, the coronavirus pandemic lasted 3 years, 1 month, and 24 days and claimed the lives of 6.9 million people.
The disease is mainly spread through airborne droplets and aerosols. Coronaviruses have the largest genomes among all RNA viruses that encode structural and nonstructural proteins, ensuring their persistence in various environmental niches and hosts. Evolving viral proteins facilitate host recognition and penetration, genome replication, assembly and release of progeny viruses, and evasion of host immune surveillance. In addition, SARS-CоV-2 can inhibit the host's innate antiviral response, thereby triggering hyperinflammatory reactions, resulting in severe COVID-19 infection. Increased expression of inhibitory receptors by SARS-CоV-2 leads to exhaustion and loss of host effector T cell functions. Meanwhile, long-term immunosuppression provokes persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome and long COVID or post COVID.
SARS-CoV-2 infection has a powerfully destructive impact on the economy and healthcare, resulting in an unprecedented scientific response. In this paper, we provide a framework for understanding multistep SARS-CoV-2 penetration that facilitates its efficient transmission to humans.
Keywords: coronaviruses, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pandemic, long COVID, post COVID.
For citation: Pechkurov D.V., Romanova A.A., Savvateeva O.A., Tyazheva A.A., Gorelov A.V. SARS-CоV-2: what allowed the virus to cause a long-term pandemic? Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(11):742–750 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-11-7.
About the authors:Dmitriy V. Pechkurov — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Children's Diseases, Samara State Medical University; 89, Chapaevskaya str., Samara, 443099, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0002-5869-2893.
Anastasiya A. Romanova — assistant of the Department of Children's Diseases, Samara State Medical University; 89, Chapaevskaya str., Samara, 443099, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0001-5946-4801.
Olga A. Savvateeva — C. Sc. (Med.), Diagnostic and Treatment Department of the Sechenov Center for Motherhood and Childhood, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); 2, Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0003-4919-9332.
Alena A. Tyazheva — C. Sc. (Med.), associate professor of the Department of Children's Diseases, Samara State Medical University; 89, Chapaevskaya str., Samara, 443099, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0001-8552-1662.
Aleksandr V. Gorelov — Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Academician RAS, Deputy Director for Scientific Work, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being; 3A, Novogireevskaya str., Moscow, 111123, Russian Federation; Head of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemilology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; 4, Dolgorukovskaya str., Moscow, 127006, Russian Federation; ORCID iD 0000-0001-9257-0171.
Contact information: Dmitriy V. Pechkurov, e-mail: dmpechkurov@yandex.ru.
Financial Disclosure: no authors have a financial or property interest in any material or method mentioned.
There is no conflict of interest.
Received 05.07.2023.
Revised 27.07.2023.
Accepted 21.08.2023.
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